Essay --

IntroductionCost accounting can be defined as evaluating data relating to cost in order for management to regulate actions and strategize for the future (Vanderbeck, E., 2013). Financial information is crucial in order for an organization to manage its expenses and for budgeting reasons. in that location are a few types of cost accounting that an organization can use in order to analyze financial information. Each method is anomalous and considers different variables when analyzing monetary data. It is dependent on the leaders of the organization to determine what cost accounting system would be best suited for their financial operations. Although there are numerous of methods for cost, this paper will particularly concentrate on activity based cost within the wellnesscare field.Activity based costing within a healthcare systemAs mentioned earlier, costing systems vary and use different variables when determining or analyzing monetary information. Activity based costing (als o known as ABC) as defined by Gapenski (2012) identifies the different steps necessary to produce a good or service, approximates and totals the costs of those steps. It is an upstream set about and recognizes all cost drivers (steps, procedures) within the organization into creating that product or service (Gapenski, L.C., 2012). One might ask, well how can this system be significant to a healthcare facility? There are actually numerous activities that go on when a person decides to visit his/her physician or during emergency health situations. Lets take an emergency situation for example. A football player receives a helmet to helmet hit, loses consciousness and has to be carted off the field. He is then interpreted by the ambulance to the nearest hospital w... ...is data can be signified as if the organization were to consider saving more money by diminution staff numbers, they would be able to do so without compromising quality.ConclusionAs mentioned earlier, costing sy stems vary and consider different factors when evaluating financial information. It is vital for administer personnel and leaders to consider which costing system would best suit the organizations needs. The activity based method is an effective tool when employ halally. further of course, all tools have their highs and lows. The ABC method can project a more accurate tale of the organizations financial strengths and weaknesses. But keep in mind, it requires a significant amount of time and each cost driver is to be carefully considered. Regardless of the costing system used, proper analysis of financial data is crucial to the future of the organization.

Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw Essay -- Pygmalion Bernard Shaw Essays

Pygmalion by Bernard ShawThe word benefit is defined as a favourable or reformative factor orcircumstance. Many benefits are not immediately recognised, as theycan be the result of something bad. In the play Pygmalion, byBernard Shaw, Liza gains many a(prenominal) benefits, exactly also disadvantages fromher relationship with Higgins. Looking at benefits, she receives somebeautiful clothes Im to have fashionable clothes (p. 63), a goodplace to stay and pecuniary ease. She meets other friends such asFreddy Ill marry Freddy, I will (p. 131), and she has permanentcompanions. However, though she has learned good speech with Higgins,she has not learnt manners, and is treated almost resembling an animal. Sheis in a bad way(p) for a while, and is used by Higgins greatly. But was itworth it for Eliza to have spent any time with Higgins? Do thebenefits outweigh the disadvantages?Throughout her time with Higgins, Eliza immediately became financiallyviable. She has all the clothes she cou ld ever need, and has herjewellery hired for her. She is always supplied with ten pounds theColonel thinks you should never go out without ten pounds (p. 110).This enables her to get taxis when she likes, and to do things withoutworrying that she hasnt enough money. Her association with Higginsalso provided Eliza with a place to stay. She could stay at Higginshome for however long she wanted Eliza, you are to live here (p.45). She also, of course, receives lessons on how to speak like alady, although she does pay for those I wont give more than ashilling (p. 39). She learns pronunciation, and grammar, and ofcourse is being taught by one of the best English linguists around atthat time. Thirdly, Eliza gains co... ...e case financially, but good friends and abetter husband than Freddy whitethorn have been the result of staying on thestreets soylin voylets. We can see that Higgins impression on Elizahas changed in Act star being you squashed cabbage leaf (p. 27)through to Act Five I cant turn off your soul (p. 127). Heconsiders her more of a human being by this time, and this may haveproved to her benefit in later life. Eliza, however, realises thestrange equality between herself and Higgins, beginning in Act OneIve a right to be here, same as you (p. 27) through Act Five Ihave been brought up like him using bad language (p. 121). This maysuggest that Eliza proved almost as much of a benefit to Higgins as hedid to her. In my opinion, this relationship benefited bothcharacters, and without this occurrence, their lives would not havebeen so fulfilled.

The Future of Computers in Education :: essays papers

The Future of Computers in Education CURRENT PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION It seems reasonable to begin a discussion of the future tense of computers in education with considerations of the current problems of education. Then we can direct our use of technology to improve education. I do not mean to imply that there would be universal agreement on these problems or that this list is exhaustive but these serious problems deserve careful preliminary consideration in restructuring our educational systems. They are terra firmawide problems that affect all levels of education. I begin with what I regard as the root of some(prenominal) of the grand problems of today the problem of population. The deem of people on earth is growing rapidly with no sign that we will be able to stop this growth. Indeed, many powerful people and groups gain ground this growth. Educators often do not see this as an educational problem, but I believe this view to be wrong.World Population The Gr and problem At the beginning of this century, the population of the earth, after thousands of years of development of civilization, reached one billion people. At the beginning of the new century we will have roughly six billion people on earth, and this number continues to grow rapidly -- presently at ninety million people per year. A scenario from the United Nations gives the being population in 2150 as 694 billion, based on current growth rates in the different parts of the world.1 This is very unlikely, but it shows the serious spirit of the problem. I regard this rapid growth of population as the root problem on earth today, not just for learning but in like manner for many other aspects of modern society. Attempts to control population in countries such as China and India have met with only partial success. In most of the world there is only an inadequate attempt at population control. A rapidly growing population means that with todays methods of learni ng many people will receive no or inferior education. Schools and other educational institutions cannot handle, in their present mode, even in highly developed countries, the ever-increasing poesy of students, and they change only slowly. Very few of the people on earth receive an adequate education even today.

Greed and Malevolence in Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

The Power of Greed and Malevolence in Macbeth William Shakespeares Macbeth is not necessarily a correspond of fate, but rather a tragedy that occurred as a result of uncontrollable greed and malevolence by Macbeth and his wife. The weird sisters only make suggestions just about Macbeths road to kingship they do not cast spells to make true all their predictions. These interpretations lead Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to murder Duncan and secure the title Thane of Clawdor. While in kingship Macbeth elects to kill Banquo and his son, Fleance, for Macbeth was fearful about losing his throne to Fleance. Senseless violence and inner rage cause the King of Scotland to murder Macduffs children and wife. The predictions of the witches are only temptations. The weird sisters never discriminate Macbeth what to do with these suggestions. He is initially curious and disbelieving about these deceptive hags, but he takes their forecasts literally. The witches only make predictions about the futur e kingship of Macbeth All hail, Macbeth total to thee, Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth, along with Lady Macbeth, was responsible for making the judgments that leads to the downfall and destruction of himself. The prophecies predicted by the weird sisters do occur, but one can conclude that latter events, much(prenominal) as the death of Macbeth, were not caused by their direct powers, but they were simply the witches foreknowledge He (the apparitionist) will not be commanded. Heres another / More warm than the first. The vaulting ambitions of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth lead to the death of King Duncan. For the sake of Macbeths ambition, he is willing to murder his cousin, Duncan. Macbeth realizes that murdering his king is perfidious and blasphemous because every king is destiny on throne by God he is driven by his undying aspiration to steal the throne and be king I involve no spur / To prick the sides of my intent, but only / Vaulting ambition, which oerleaps itself / And falls on th other. Lady Macbeth is also moved by her avarice to be on board her husband on the throne. She uses all her strength and intelligence for evil purposes this confident and arrogant authoritarian instills the plan of the murder (of Duncan) to Macbeth We fail? / But screw your fortitude to the sticking place / And well not fail. When Duncan is asleep. Macbeth is the only individual responsible for the death of his friend Banquo and the flight of Banquos son, Fleance.

US Election :: essays papers

US ElectionOverview of the American EconomyThe American miserliness has been skyrocketing during the onetime(prenominal) decade. Growth in fields much(prenominal) as output, price stability, consumer demand, labor markets, and productivity have been increasing at an alarming rate. This over flow of harvest occurring within the nation has brought a sense of safety to the American people and with increased spending based on the wealth effect the American economy looks to be evermore prosperous in the years to come.Al Gore- DemocratsAl Gore, the leader for the Democrat party, supports many freewill movements and has a firm understanding of the countrys future development. Gore is an avid believer in expanding the United States to encompass a more world wide approach at economics, such as enabling NAFTA to extend southward. Strongly supports cutting evaluatees and putting money back into the system to encourage future profits enabling for the tax cuts. more money going into the sy stem gives ore money back tot he government and without taxation making both the government and the people returns.George Bush- republicansGeorge Bush, the leader for the Republican party, strongly believes in conservative views and the welfare of the people. Bushs ideals are more traditional and are shaped towards the white, heterosexual, over 40 year sexagenarian man, which holds the majority in the United States.Supports cutting taxes and taking the money the government has and increase spending in public affairs to benefit the people. Eliminating the debt and estate tax are important also but with no increase in governmental profit. 15 percent cut in tax rates, providing greatest benefit to the rich. Favors 50 percent reduction in capital gains tax. Supports $500 per child tax trust. No mention of Comprehensive wellness care guarantees. Supports allowing of workers to retain health insurance while shifting jobs, nothing for uninsured.Maintaining existing tax structure, with o nly minor changes, favoring the rich. Supports $500 per child tax credit, $1 500 tax credit for community college. Opposes any expansion of federal programs or guaranties of health care. Privatization of Medicare. Mainly good for the rich, elderly, and veterans. Abolishing of the Department of Education. Promotes private schools against public education. Better for richer families. Encourages school prayer and patriotism. Cuts in spending and more restrictions. Eliminate food stamps and school lunch program. Very difficult for welfare cases. Cutting of $1 trillion from federal programs, Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security.

US Election :: essays papers

US ElectionOverview of the American EconomyThe American economy has been skyrocketing during the past decade. emergence in fields such as output, price stability, consumer demand, labor markets, and productivity have been increasing at an alarming rate. This over flow of growth occurring at heart the country has brought a sense of safety to the American people and with increased using up based on the wealth effect the American economy looks to be evermore prosperous in the years to come.Al Gore- DemocratsAl Gore, the leader for the Democrat party, supports many freewill movements and has a firm understanding of the countrys future development. Gore is an avid believer in expanding the United States to encompass a more world wide approach at economics, such as enabling NAFTA to extend southward. Strongly supports cutting taxes and putting funds back into the system to encourage future profits enabling for the tax cuts. More money going into the system gives ore money back tot he g overnment and without taxation making both the government and the people benefit.George Bush- RepublicansGeorge Bush, the leader for the Republican party, potently believes in conservative views and the welf ar of the people. Bushs ideals are more traditional and are shaped towards the white, heterosexual, over 40 year old man, which holds the mass in the United States.Supports cutting taxes and taking the money the government has and increase spending in public affairs to benefit the people. Eliminating the debt and estate tax are important also but with no increase in governmental profit. 15 percent cut in tax rates, providing greatest benefit to the rich. Favors 50 percent reduction in capital gains tax. Supports $500 per child tax credit. No mention of Comprehensive health care guarantees. Supports allowing of workers to retain health insurance while shifting jobs, nothing for uninsured.Maintaining existing tax structure, with only minor changes, favoring the rich. Supports $ 500 per child tax credit, $1 500 tax credit for union college. Opposes any expansion of federal programs or guaranties of health care. Privatization of Medicare. Mainly good for the rich, elderly, and veterans. Abolishing of the Department of Education. Promotes private schools against public education. Better for richer families. Encourages school prayer and patriotism. Cuts in spending and more restrictions. Eliminate food stamps and school lunch program. Very difficult for welfare cases. Cutting of $1 trillion from federal programs, Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security.

Comparing The Foresyte Saga Essay

Both extracts explore the theme of adultery and extreme examples of conflict in a relationship. However, the differing time periods in which they are set and the contrasting ways in which the authors portray them, vary accordingly. In both extracts it appears that the female protagonists seem to be the informant of the problem within the relationship and the extracts centre on their supposed adulterous behaviour. The two extracts differ because in Shakespeares Othello, the audience know that Desdemona has in circumstance not cheated on her husband, but his possessive nature and mistrust of her has warped his judgement.In Galsworthys novel, it is clear that the character of Irene clearly has been unfaithful through the description of her body language and the dialogue use, so youve come back. The men in both extracts have the controlling factor within their relationships, and suffer from possessive love. In Othello, his desire to control Desdemona and to have her all to himself bec ause shes his wife, clouds his judgement on the situation hed rather her dead than for her to be with any early(a) man and break an separates he invention.In Galsworthys novel, the man is indeed slowly losing control, but still tries to grasp it. His wife had gone glum and had an aff diffuse and he wasnt able to control that. Now he tries to claw it back by shouting at her to leave, get out of my circle, and then contradicts himself by continuing to ask her to stay, which she obeys, and he is now in the stronger position. John Galsworthy uses animalistic imagery throughout this extract to show the way that Irene has fetch trapped resemblance to a captive owl. This comparison also shows the way Irene has become vulnerable, having lost her independence and freedom. This mirrors the situation of Desdemona in Shakespeares Othello. In this ikon Desdemona is entirely helpless, Othello having already decided what must be done as an alpha male sweet soul, take heed of perjury thou art on thy death bed. Shakespeares choice of language, for example, his use of imperatives, Down, strumpet makes it clear to the audience how much in control Othello is.This control is echoed in Soames, who speaks with great trust and precedent take your hated body out of my house Get out of my clutch. Soames commands his wife here in a way that suggests he views her as a possession, who should not disobey him, emphasised in Galsworthys use of the image of Irene huddled in the fur, as though she is a belonging. Again Shakespeare reflects this idea in Othello, with the handkerchief used as a dramatic device embodying Desdemonas belonging to Othello, her supposed giving it away unprompted him to madness I saw my handkerchief ins hand.Thou dost stone my heart. Neither Soames nor Othello can see the fault in their own actions, exhibit by Galsworthy through rhetorical questions Why should I suffer? What have I done? Irene, however, is left in a helpless place, the animalistic image ry continuing, likening her to a trapped bird, her spirit crushed and giving up, a bird shot and dying, taking farewell of all that is good the sun and air and its mate. This comparison also links back to Irenes now dead lover Bosinney, her partner, without whom she feels she is unable to function.Shakespeare uses stichomythia to create a passionate atmosphere. Short dramatic lines such(prenominal) as it is too late, build tension in the audience. John Galsworthy also uses speech to create tension but does so via the exposure of Soames thoughts. retire away that pitiful white face. Soames outburst is made particularly striking in the way that Galsworthy withholds excessive speech up until this point. Unlike Shakespeare who employs day-and-night dialogue and only one stage direction in this extract, to create a sense of a never ending flow of emotion.The complex body part used in Othello is used in the build up of tension, for instance the stichomythia used towards the end of th e extract. This technique is commonly utilised to dramatic effect in plays. The structure in Othello is generally used advance the narrative and to further increase the build up of tension towards the dramatic climax at the end of the play. In the Forsyte Saga the structure allows the author to progress and elaborate on the metaphors used. Galsworthy uses the structure to put emphasis on certain words or phrases so they sat, by the firelight, in the silence, one on each side of the hearth.Typically of a novel the structure shows the progressive thoughts of the narrator and isnt necessarily as analogue as that in a play (ie Othello). Wider Reading The poem My Last Duchess also carries the theme of adultery and extreme example of conflict in a relationship. Robert Browning doesnt make it clear whether the woman is guilty, but the Duke, like Othello is guilty of jealousy. He doesnt believe she treats her husband and different to any other men all and each, she liked whateer she looked on, and went everywhere, suggesting she flirted alot, not that the Duke has any proof.The repetition of that spot of joy emphasises how the fact her smile wasnt vindicatory reserved for him bothered him, so much so that he used the harsh language like Ann Galsworthys choice of Get out of my sight here, that in you disgusts me here you miss, or exceed the mark, this shows his dark side and makes the reader question whether he killed her himself without knowing what she had done, similar to the way Othello acts on wildness of his pride being damaged.The Duke also seems to be very possessive of the Duchess as is Othello and Soames Forsyte. Here he opens the poem Thats my last Duchess painted on the wall immediately highlighting he owns the painting, but also implies he owns her in person. He also seems to like the fact he can control who looks at the painting, the curtain I have drawn for you, but couldnt control who looked at his wife when she was alive.Additionally, in comparison to the imperatives Shakespeare and John Galsworthy use, Browning stresses the Dukes power through his quite forceful request, willt please you sit and look at her, almost as if the Duke is desperate for his audience to understand his anger, he states I gave commands, yet it seems she didnt obey him, hence he killed her, then all smiles stopped together.

‘The First World War increased rather than narrowed Germany’s political divisions’?

In 1914, as the First World War began, many would point that the conflict had narrowed semipolitical divisions in Germany as all in all political parties were united, with the common aim of winning the Great War. However, despite this initial unification, as the state of struggle progressed, it proceeded to politically polarise Germany as different political perspectives emerged, desiring many contrasting things, the major contrast organism between left go groups that wanted the state of war to end, and right on wing groups which wanted to continue with the war until Germany had won.Therefore, by 1918, the First World War had very much increased rather than narrowed political division in Germany. Initially, the war narrowed political divisions because as the war had begun, Germany went into a system of Burgfrieden, summ oned by Kaiser Wilhelm II. This was a political truce, agreed to by all of the major German political parties, to honk their politics aside and unite to supp ort the war effort. As part of this truce, all power was transferred from the Reichstag and given to the Bundesrat.Eventually this would civilize into the silent dictatorship of Hindenburg and Ludendorff who effectively became the most powerful men in Germany as all political and military decisions came from them. Although there were slight constraints on their powers, from marvellous 1916, they decided on the strategy of the war and how Germany should proceed and their views superseded the contrasting ideas of Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg.It is clear that this system of Burgfrieden, where political standpoints had been thrown aside, would drive narrowed political divisions as it seriously reduced the amount of opposition to the war that might produce been expected from different groups such as the SPD. It could also be argued that this semi-dictatorship of Hindenburg and Ludendorff would also have narrowed political division as these two population would have all political cont rol and stop diverse political debate, allowing for decisions to be make quickly.However, as all resources were put into ensuring territorial gain and military measures, this did attract some opposition. The conformity of the SPD and workers unions was key to the limited opposition that the war faced in German politics. The SPD believed it was their patriotic duty to support the government in war and also feared the repression that they may face if they openly opposed the war. A secondary form of party members did speak out against the war. In August 1914, fourteen of the 110 socialists in the Reichstag argued against the war but they were lone voices that did non provoke widespread opposition.A small number of thinkers (such as Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg) also argued that revolution was the only way to achieve heartsease. However this belief had limited impact, as these thinkers spent most of the war in prison. This limited opposition voice was fundamental to the narrowing of political division at the start of the war. However, as the war progressed, opposition grew and this would go on to dramatically widen political divisions. When political divisions were beginning to widen in 1917, there was potential for political reform which could have once more incorporate different political opinions.People had begun to lose confidence in the war effort and in reform and consequently, opposition looked likely to grow. Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg persuaded the Kaiser to give hope of reform. In the Easter Offer, the Kaiser promised an end to Prussias three class voting system and to reform the Bundesrat once the war was over. This promise of more democratic reform could have potentially quelled any opposition feeling that was emerging amongst the German people. Unfortunately for the Kaiser, it did little to convince those in and outside the Reichstag who felt that it was clock time to talk over peace treaty without victory.The Kaisers failed attempt to quell opposition highlights how political divisions were widening as people no longer accepted a definitive retort from the Kaiser. German politics had undergone such polarisation that uniformity no longer seemed a possibility. However, despite Burgfriedens initial success in narrowing political divisions at the start of the war, as the war progressed, greater political divisions emerged, even amongst different political parties. For example, divisions emerged within the SPD.Although leaders of the party continue to support the war, a breakaway party, the USPD, wanted the war to come to an end, they were one of a number of parties who began to feel that the best solution would be to negotiate peace without victory as it was becoming apparent that victory was not a likely possibility. The USPD was a breakaway party formed by a number of party members that had been dismissed for disagreeing with party decisions on war credits. However, despite this, by 1918, the USPD had the substantial su pport of 100,000 members.Additionally, peace groups in the Reichstag voted in favour of a peace resolution that promoted peace without annexing any land or triumphing in the war as the majority of the Reichstag seemed to agree that after the failure of Ludendorffs final major offensive, a time had come to initiate peace without victory rather than wait for victorious peace. Especially as the Allies had superiority in men and materials and had not so far utilised Americas full potential. It became clear that with such a strong opposition, it would be very difficult to emerge from the war victorious.This feeling that peace without victory should be negotiated was supported by peace groups such as the Peace League for Freedom created by Pope Benedict XV. This left wing group aimed to promote peace and bring about the end of the war. Despite the creation of such groups, bleak political groups had also emerged in favour of the war. The right wing pressure group, The German Fatherland P arty wanted to instil nationalistic pride, with a belief that they could still win the war, keen for Germanys continued participation in the conflict.This pressure group was supported by leading military figures such as Admiral von Tirpitz and Ludendorff, and by the end of 1917, the party had one million supporters. This highlights how all sides of the political spectrum seemed to have substantial support and highlights how divided Germany had become politically. It is therefore clear that despite the initial unity that was brought about by Burgfrieden, political divisions had widened dramatically by the end of the war. International actions also provoked discontent within Germany. The involvement of the USA in the war led to sure groups opposing the war.It now seemed near-impossible for Germany to win the war as there was an extra major power against them. Additionally, it could be argued that the Russian Revolution could have inspired new political thought. It provided inspirati on for the discontented as they may have understood the potential that industrial action can have and realised that their voices could be perceive to spark some serious political change. This is another factor that widened political division in Germany as people now understood the fact that they did not have to conform to the governments ruling.Nearer the end of the war, in the years 1917 and 1918, there were increasing strikes within Germany with growing social discontent. In early 1918, 500,000 people were on strike for five days and although protests were quashed by the authorities, resentment continued with strikers wanted an end to the war, democratic rights and more food as people were being rationed through a war economy and the Turnip Winter of 1916-17 had led to rising levels of malnutrition and starvation. Growing opposition also stemmed from the huge losings suffered in the war.Of 13. 2 million German soldiers, there were 6. 2 million casualties with 2. 05 million killed . As people began to realise that Germany may not win the war, they began to nous the sacrifice of the millions that had died and this provoked increasing resentment and opposition. This growing popular opposition is another example of how Germany was becoming increasingly divided over domestic issues provoked by the war and also the war itself as increasingly more people wanted it to end.Overall, although things looked promising in 1914, when the Kaiser had initiated Burgfrieden and all political parties had agreed to put their political differences aside, this did not succeed in narrowing political divisions. As the war continued, Germany underwent political polarisation with an increasingly aggrieved population and a contrast in political parties as left wing groups demanded an immediate end to the war and right wing groups wanted to continue until Germany were victorious.The First World War, despite ab initio creating political unity, increased political divisions in Germany d ramatically, rather than narrowing them. It did so to such an extent that soon after the end of the war, Germany underwent dramatic political reform, quick going through a period of constitutional monarchy before developing into a parliamentary democracy seeing the Kaiser exiled to the Netherlands. The narrowing of political division that Wilhelm had achieved at the start of the war, had clearly failed.

Art history

romanticistism began in Germany and England in the early 19th century and spread passim Europe by the 1820. The wild-eyed Movement was ca utilise by the sudden tender changes that occurred during the French Revolution as a revolt against Neo- classicism and its emphasis on order, harmony and balance. (Britannica Online Encyclopedia) The fecal matter began as an artistic movement that rejected the traditional values of social structure and religion and encouraged individualism. Romantic artists valued belief over sympathy and dish.They loved nature and ere dedicated to examining genius and moods. Their characterisations act ased celebration of the marvellous struggle of common pack. several(prenominal) of the well-known Romantic artists atomic number 18 potty Constable, doubting Thomas Cole, Francisco De Soya and Henry Fusels. (The craft World, n. D. ) Some of the characteristics of paintings of this halt argon their focus on heroic subjects, use of incisive color in, loose brush strokes and dense food grain of the painting. With the Industrial Revolution came new technology and forge index that changed the social condition. batch had to move a substance from mom to crowded cities to find Jobs and act long hours. Romantic artists painted to get away from the brutal struggle of common people and for yearning for idealized rural pastoral life. AY. Realest (1850- 1880) The Realist artists in France revolted against romantic ideals of distorted beauty and imagination. Realists believed in objective reality, seeking to instance the truth and accuracy of popular introduction. They wanted to show the natural truth of their subject and chose from e realday life approximately them, oftentimes painting images of the poor operative class and displaying human misery and poverty.Paintings of realism often carried a moral or social message represent the drudgery of all(prenominal)day life. Some of the artists who represent realism period be Gustavo Courier, Jean-Francis Millet, Eduardo Meant (The Art World, n. D. ) and likewise Ameri back artists who studied in France, Thomas Skins and Henry tanner and characterized by accurate portrayal of average working people with egress personal bias or interpretation. Social condition that contri plainlyed to this art movement was France Revolution that began during the 1848 and lasted until 1880 which was a consequence of the industrial revolution.With the implementation of machine power, factory owners grew wealthy magic spell the common workers long(p) long hours for low pay. Anger and resentment fueled strikes and revolts. AY. analysis During the middle of the sass, Romanticism began to show signs of organism extreme resolvely because of the fact that most art works were becoming increasingly opulent. Art lovers and enthusiasts who were accustomed to this haoma of art began to find it rather dull. Therefore, thither was a need to introduce an varied form of art th at was different from romanticism. People wanted to see the terra firma in living point of view. Gnocchi, n. . ) This is how naive realism was introduced. European nations were engaged in wars, for use Russia had dominated Poland. People who had been crushed had a need to bring a sense of patriotism and devotion to their traditions. Artists apply their paintings to express the importance of their own culture. Revolution was also an element in paintings of the romantic era, but Realism focuses on practical subjects. AAA. Similarities or Differences Both movements were reactions to social conditions resulted by the industrial revolution.The industrial revolution caused the building of large factories and the wieners got wealthy while the lower working classes labored long hours for low pay. disciplineers attempts to fight for damp pay were often suppressed. Anger and resentment at capitalism often resulted in strikes and revolts. Romanticism and realism were dickens competing styles of artistic and practice. Romanticism emphasised heroic achievement and the power of the emotions whereas realism focused on individuals, work and social Justice portraying the actual living conditions of common working people, and often used gloomy color in their paintings.Romantic painting is nearly characterized by an imaginative and a dreamlike quality and strives to express feeling intense, mystical, or elusive. Realism, on the other hand, is an attempt to accurately describe human behavior and objects precisely as in real life. Babe. Explanation By deviating from earlier tradition of idealizing situation of Romantic artists imagined beauty, the realists were attempting to capture the actual experience and struggle of common people in hope that it would spur social and sparing reform. Babe. Reference to Work of Art ass Constable and Jean Millet represent the difference in these cardinal art periods. privy Constable was an English painter who painted his landscape i n the romantic style. The convert Win is a country cheek scene with romantic and dreamy f run downures like streams and county cottages. He used luminous colors and blunt thick brushwork and focused on the qualities of elation and sky rather than details of a scene. (The National Gallery, n. D. ) Jean- Franois Millet was a French painter who focused on realistic things of everyday life and painted ordinary working people. In his painting The Gleaners, Millet displays the hard working peasants removing the last bits of the rain from a wheat theatre of operations.He used dark, tedious colors instead of luminous colors like Constable. There is no fanciful imagination, Just a painting of everyday life. Babe. Relation of Later Work to Earlier Work Again, the realist artists used their work to portray the actual living conditions of common people in pipeline to romantic view of earlier works. John Constables cottage scene with a politic stream represented the yearning nostalgia for idealized pastoral life of the lowly desperate fames who must glean every last grains of wheat in Millets painting. AC.Art HistoryIn non more than than 300 words, write a descriptive account of Harmen Steenwycks Still brio An Allegory of the Vanities of Human Life ( model Book, Colour Plate 10), paying particular attention to the organisation and crystallizeing of the composition and to the effects of t i and work.Harmen Steenwyck illustrates an eclectic mix of objects in this fine embrocate painting. The objects be placed close to the picture plane, as within r for each one of the spectator, drawing the eye from left to safe as the clustered objects increase in height. This suggests that this is the way that Steenwyck wanted the spectator to view them.His skilful use of light draws us to the principal object, the illuminated skull, bring out the richness of its golden colour whilst depriving the hollows of the eyes to add depth. Many of the objects have spherical parts to them that again be highlighted through the use of light. Steenwyck manipulates light and shade through gradual variation to form the illusion of their roundness. Not but do these contrasts produce a striking illustrative effect but they also help to define the objects from one a nonher.The fine brushwork picks up the finest detail, such as the leaves of the well thumbed books, the dial on the watch and the fraying rope on the urn. Harmen has organised the studyity of his objects to the right side of the turn leaving the left feeling rather vacant, with our attention drawn to the pearlescent shell that stands almost solitary.The painting depicts objects of grandeur, inducing the idea of wealth and change of location through such prime(a) objects as the Japanese sword, Grecian style urn and the shell, those these ar overshadowed by the objects with the most delirious quality, the skull and the waning lamp symbolising death and the debility of life. The skull seems out of p lace sharing a table with such other splendid objects, leaving the spectator wondering(a) the choices Steenwyck has made, perhaps these symbols of death serve as a warning to those who seek happiness in the Vanities of Human Life.TMA 02 Part 2 Literature claim also History QuizzesRead John Keats Sonnet, When I have charges that I may cease to be ( resource book 1, A39). In not more than 300 words, write an analysis of the praise basing your response on the questions below.1. Comment on the use of repetition. (e.g. when, onwards, never.)2. What is the relationship between the octave and the half a dozen?3. What part do the different rhymes, including the last-place pair, play in conveying the meaning of the sonnet?Keats begins by setting the tone for the sonnet, When I have fears, indicating the major theme that is to run throughout. In the basic two quatrains he writes about the fear of dying young, fearing he will not have the fourth dimension he needs to fulfil himself a s a writer and the third quatrain fearing that he will lose his beloved. Farming metaphors, rich garners the full-ripend grain, emphasize how he sees his imagination and creativity, like a fertile field waiting to be sown, with the alliteration in garners and grain highlighting this further. Keats emotive language draws attention to his love poetry, before my pen has gleaned my teaming brain, believing the world to be full of material he can create countless poetry from, devoting more lines to his love of poetize than his beloved. Enchanting imagery illustrates his philosophy on love, faery power a mystical and supernatural force that he has no control over.Alongside this coarse fear of death, is the concern with time, the repetition of When I beginning both quatrains of the octave and introducing the sestet, stresses Keats preoccupation with time and the fear of it consuming him. This sense of time running out is emphasized through the enjambment in the third quatrain the final l ine runs into the closing couplet, urging the reader on.The rhyming scheme, abab cdcd gg, helps to intensify the poems train of thought and has great effect in the closing couplet as Keats resolves his fears by declaring the triviality of love and fame, love and fame to nothingness do sink.The octave and the sestet share the tenaciousness of rhyme, and underlying theme of death, though at that place is a clear change in the range of emotions as the sonnet develops. The octave concentrates on the emotions of confusion and fear whilst the sestet focuses on the fear of attractive and being loved until reaching a feeling of acceptance over his fears.TMA 02 Part 3 MusicFor this part of the TMA you will need to listen to spark advance 10 on the TMA CD. You will hear the First Tableau The Shrovetide Fair from Petrushka by Stravinsky. Listen to the track a few times and then root the question below in up to 300 words on continuous prose.How does Stravinsky combine the elements of music , introduced to you in building block 3, to establish the atmosphere of the modal(a)?Stravinsky begins the piece with a high-pitched flourish of wood instruments, such as the flute and clarinet and is then accompanied by the string which increase in volume to chance on with a fanfare of trumpets, it run shorts like the fair is opening. Rhythm plays a key role throughout the entirety of the piece, fluctuate sounds are created as the fluttering of the woodwind section meet with the loud sharp sounds of the arrange. Stravinsky manipulates this rapidly changing rhythm to establish the excitement and commotion of the fair.The choice of instruments, and concentration on certain sections of the orchestra in particular parts adds colour to the piece, perhaps representative of the colours and vibrant images of the fair. In the same way, the fullness of the orchestra may relate to the busy crowds at the fair and at the same time sounds very grand.Full use is made of the orchestra, to create great noise and effect, where the strings are concentrated on, the music is very grand and striking whereas the effect the woodwind has on the piece is fleeting and soft. The gradual change in step is marked by drum rolls which introduces adagio and accelerando, the timbre of the drum is loud and echoes briefly creating the feeling of suspense at the fair.Each movement brings its own highlight, from the fortified trumpet blasts to the precise beats of the triangle, which accompanies the softer woodwind section at the end of the piece. The atmosphere of the fair is lively and upbeat as Stravinsky ends his First Tableau, he employs a melody of sounds that are evocative of Russian dance and manages to shift effortlessly from establishing excitement, commotion and suspense throughout the piece to this buoyant finale.TMA02 Part 4 PhilosophyAnswer these questions in not more than 300 words in total.1. Here are some claims. If possible, give a sound melody for each claim. Where this is not possible, give a valid argument anyway. Do indicate those cases where you believe your argument is sound.A.) The tycoon is a mother B.) The rain in Spain falls mainly on the animadvertC.) The earth is flat. D.) Eating people is wrong.E.) Oranges are not the simply fruit.All women who give birth are mothers.The Queen has given birth.The Queen is a mother.pelting clouds can only form over plains.It rains in Spain.The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.People cannot walk any other summon than horizontal.People walk the earth.The earth is flat.Eating people is illegal.If something is illegal, it is wrong.Eating people is wrong.Every morning I eat fruit.I never eat oranges.Oranges are not the only fruit.Arguments A and E are both sound arguments, as the premises for both are al true, and it follows that if the premises to an argument are true then the conclusion must be true.Arguments B and C fail at being sound arguments as the information used can be disproved. Arg ument D is not sound, as in some countries and within some cultures cannibalism is legal.2. Give an example of an inductive argument, and explain why it is not deductive.Ive owned lots of cars.All the cars Ive owned have had four wheels.All cars have four wheels.This argument cannot be deductive because it is based purely on assumption. Im assuming that all cars have four wheels because Ive only owned cars with four wheels however the volume of cars Ive owned is infinitesimal in comparison to the variety of models and makes. Therefore, I cannot presuppose that every car follows the same rule.Art HistoryCompare and production line Essay Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Aegean art are both great influences to what we call art today. Egyptian art emphasized engravings, sculptures and paintings while Aegean art emphasized sculptures, paintings and decorations. One piece I chose to equalise and contrast from the Egyptian art was Sekhmet. Another piece I chose to compare and contrast from the Aegean art period is the serpent Goddess. These two beautiful artworks are alike and similar in many ways.The Snake Goddess and Sekhmet are alike because they are both sculptures that show signs of power. The Snake Goddess is a sign of power because she has a form-fitting outfit that exposed her breasts and a flounced skirt with many layers that covered her feet. She is holding two snakes tightly in each arm. Some researchers claimed that Minoans idolise the Snake Goddess as Mother Goddess. In Aegean culture they believed snakes were good and that they showed a sign of water.This also indicated fertility, health and wealth. She also had a panther on top of her head, which shows that she is in touch with nature and that was a sign of power as well. Not only is she in touch with nature but her elaborate headdress and profuse outfit shows wealth. Sekhmet also shows many signs of power. Her name is derived from the Egyptian word Sekhem (which means power or might) and is often tr anslated as the Powerful One This antediluvian patriarch Egyptian goddess Sekhmet is known as the Eye of Ra.She is the power that values the good and gets rid of the wicked. Sekhmet is the wroth form of Hathor who is the Goddess of joy, music, dance, sexual love, maternal quality and birth. She is also Goddess of the sun and one of her powers is intense blinding heat. Her weapons were arrows, which were supposed to pierce hearts. Also Sekhmet would get a fiery smoothen from her embody when she got upset and spicy ravage winds came from her breath. She was also a goddess of healing. When people became ill, she was capable of healing them with her powers.The Snake Goddess and Sekhmet are also very different in many ways. One way they are different is the rolls of women in their time period. Egyptians and Aegean people both believed that women held power but they werent similar. For example in Aegean time women were a powerful symbol of fertility and having a connection with the earth and animals easily fits in with what they worshipped. On the other hand, Sekhmet showed a different view on women. The womans body that was Sekhmet carried was for birth and new life.The head of the lioness that was Sekhmet showed a sign of destruction, danger and death and reflected the steady and piercing gaze of the hunter that she is. Sekhmet also represents the presence of good and evil, earthly concern and destruction and the ability and willingness to nurture and protect life, and the ability to take it away in a blink of an eye. Not only are their rolls in orderliness different but how the pieces of arts were worshipped also contrasted. The Snake Goddess was used to show rebirth, resurrection or renewal of life.They believed this because the snake was a sign of power and symbolized the civilisation by water in the funeral cult, so the snake became a protector of the pharaohs in their death. On the other hand, Sekhmet was worshipped Sekhmet was worshiped throughout E gypt, particularly wherever a wadi opened out at the desert edges. This is the type of terrain that lions are often found. Many of them came to the desert to be able to crispen and to prey upon cattle in that area.Art HistoryCompare and Contrast Essay Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Aegean art are both great influences to what we call art today. Egyptian art emphasized engravings, sculptures and paintings while Aegean art emphasized sculptures, paintings and decorations. One piece I chose to compare and contrast from the Egyptian art was Sekhmet. Another piece I chose to compare and contrast from the Aegean art period is the Snake Goddess. These two beautiful artworks are alike and similar in many ways.The Snake Goddess and Sekhmet are alike because they are both sculptures that show signs of power. The Snake Goddess is a sign of power because she has a form-fitting outfit that exposed her breasts and a flounced skirt with many layers that covered her feet. She is holding two snakes t ightly in each arm. Some researchers claimed that Minoans worshipped the Snake Goddess as Mother Goddess. In Aegean culture they believed snakes were good and that they showed a sign of water.This also indicated fertility, health and wealth. She also had a panther on top of her head, which shows that she is in touch with nature and that was a sign of power as well. Not only is she in touch with nature but her elaborate headdress and extravagant outfit shows wealth. Sekhmet also shows many signs of power. Her name is derived from the Egyptian word Sekhem (which means power or might) and is often translated as the Powerful One This ancient Egyptian goddess Sekhmet is known as the Eye of Ra.She is the power that protects the good and gets rid of the wicked. Sekhmet is the wrathful form of Hathor who is the Goddess of joy, music, dance, sexual love, pregnancy and birth. She is also Goddess of the sun and one of her powers is intense blinding heat. Her weapons were arrows, which were sup posed to pierce hearts. Also Sekhmet would get a fiery glow from her body when she got upset and hot desert winds came from her breath. She was also a goddess of healing. When people became ill, she was capable of healing them with her powers.The Snake Goddess and Sekhmet are also very different in many ways. One way they are different is the rolls of women in their time period. Egyptians and Aegean people both believed that women held power but they werent similar. For example in Aegean time women were a powerful symbol of fertility and having a connection with the earth and animals easily fits in with what they worshipped. On the other hand, Sekhmet showed a different view on women. The womans body that was Sekhmet carried was for birth and new life.The head of the lioness that was Sekhmet showed a sign of destruction, danger and death and reflected the steady and piercing gaze of the hunter that she is. Sekhmet also represents the presence of good and evil, creation and destructi on and the ability and willingness to nurture and protect life, and the ability to take it away in a blink of an eye. Not only are their rolls in society different but how the pieces of arts were worshipped also contrasted. The Snake Goddess was used to show rebirth, resurrection or renewal of life.They believed this because the snake was a sign of power and symbolized the purification by water in the funeral cult, so the snake became a protector of the pharaohs in their death. On the other hand, Sekhmet was worshipped Sekhmet was worshiped throughout Egypt, particularly wherever a wadi opened out at the desert edges. This is the type of terrain that lions are often found. Many of them came to the desert to be able to drink and to prey upon cattle in that area.Art historyRomanticism began in Germany and England in the early 19th century and spread throughout Europe by the 1820. The Romantic Movement was caused by the sudden social changes that occurred during the French Revolution a s a revolt against Neo- classicism and its emphasis on order, harmony and balance. (Britannica Online Encyclopedia) The movement began as an artistic movement that rejected the traditional values of social structure and religion and encouraged individualism. Romantic artists valued imagination over reason and beauty.They loved nature and ere dedicated to examining personality and moods. Their paintings represented celebration of the heroic struggle of common people. Some of the well-known Romantic artists are John Constable, Thomas Cole, Francisco De Soya and Henry Fusels. (The Art World, n. D. ) Some of the characteristics of paintings of this period are their focus on heroic subjects, use of intense colors, loose brush strokes and dense texture of the painting. With the Industrial Revolution came new technology and machine power that changed the social condition.People had to move away from mom to crowded cities to find Jobs and work long hours. Romantic artists painted to get awa y from the cruel struggle of common people and for yearning for idealized rural pastoral life. AY. Realest (1850- 1880) The Realist artists in France revolted against romantic ideals of distorted beauty and imagination. Realists believed in objective reality, seeking to represent the truth and accuracy of ordinary world. They wanted to show the natural truth of their subject and chose from everyday life around them, often painting images of the poor working class and displaying human misery and poverty.Paintings of realism often carried a moral or social message portraying the drudgery of everyday life. Some of the artists who represent realism period are Gustavo Courier, Jean-Francis Millet, Eduardo Meant (The Art World, n. D. ) and also American artists who studied in France, Thomas Skins and Henry Tanner and characterized by accurate portrayal of ordinary working people without personal bias or interpretation. Social condition that contributed to this art movement was France Revo lution that began during the 1848 and lasted until 1880 which was a consequence of the industrial revolution.With the implementation of machine power, factory owners grew wealthy while the common workers labored long hours for low pay. Anger and resentment fueled strikes and revolts. AY. Analysis During the middle of the sass, Romanticism began to show signs of being extreme partly because of the fact that most art works were becoming increasingly opulent. Art lovers and enthusiasts who were accustomed to this form of art began to find it rather dull. Therefore, there was a need to introduce another form of art that was different from romanticism. People wanted to see the world in realistic point of view. Gnocchi, n. . ) This is how Realism was introduced. European nations were engaged in wars, for example Russia had dominated Poland. People who had been crushed had a need to express a sense of patriotism and devotion to their traditions. Artists used their paintings to express the importance of their own culture. Revolution was also an element in paintings of the romantic era, but Realism focuses on practical subjects. AAA. Similarities or Differences Both movements were reactions to social conditions resulted by the industrial revolution.The industrial revolution caused the building of large factories and the wieners got wealthy while the lower working classes labored long hours for low pay. Workers attempts to fight for better pay were often suppressed. Anger and resentment at capitalism often resulted in strikes and revolts. Romanticism and realism were two competing styles of artistic and practice. Romanticism emphasized heroic achievement and the power of the emotions whereas realism focused on individuals, work and social Justice portraying the actual living conditions of common working people, and often used gloomy color in their paintings.Romantic painting is nearly characterized by an imaginative and a dreamlike quality and strives to express feeling intense, mystical, or elusive. Realism, on the other hand, is an attempt to accurately describe human behavior and objects precisely as in real life. Babe. Explanation By deviating from earlier tradition of idealizing situation of Romantic artists imagined beauty, the realists were attempting to capture the actual experience and struggle of common people in hope that it would spur social and economic reform. Babe. Reference to Work of Art John Constable and Jean Millet represent the difference in these two art periods.John Constable was an English painter who painted his landscape in the romantic style. The Hay Win is a countryside scene with romantic and dreamy features like streams and county cottages. He used luminous colors and bold thick brushwork and focused on the qualities of light and sky rather than details of a scene. (The National Gallery, n. D. ) Jean- Franois Millet was a French painter who focused on realistic things of everyday life and painted ordinary working peop le. In his painting The Gleaners, Millet displays the hard working peasants removing the last bits of the rain from a wheat field.He used dark, muted colors instead of luminous colors like Constable. There is no fanciful imagination, Just a painting of everyday life. Babe. Relation of Later Work to Earlier Work Again, the realist artists used their work to portray the actual living conditions of common people in contrast to romantic view of earlier works. John Constables cottage scene with a tranquil stream represented the yearning nostalgia for idealized pastoral life of the lowly desperate fames who must glean every last grains of wheat in Millets painting. AC.Art HistoryIn not more than 300 words, write a descriptive account of Harmen Steenwycks Still Life An Allegory of the Vanities of Human Life ( Illustration Book, Colour Plate 10), paying particular attention to the organisation and lighting of the composition and to the effects of tone and colour.Harmen Steenwyck illustrates an eclectic mix of objects in this fine oil painting. The objects are placed close to the picture plane, as within reach of the spectator, drawing the eye from left to right as the clustered objects increase in height. This suggests that this is the way that Steenwyck wanted the spectator to view them.His skilful use of light draws us to the principal object, the illuminated skull, bringing out the richness of its golden colour whilst depriving the hollows of the eyes to add depth. Many of the objects have spherical parts to them that again are highlighted through the use of light. Steenwyck manipulates light and shade through gradual transition to form the illusion of their roundness. Not only do these contrasts produce a striking illustrative effect but they also help to define the objects from one another.The fine brushwork picks up the finest detail, such as the leaves of the well thumbed books, the dial on the watch and the fraying rope on the urn. Harmen has organised the maj ority of his objects to the right side of the piece leaving the left feeling rather vacant, with our attention drawn to the pearlescent shell that stands almost solitary.The painting depicts objects of grandeur, inducing the idea of wealth and travelling through such choice objects as the Japanese sword, Grecian style urn and the shell, those these are overshadowed by the objects with the most emotional quality, the skull and the waning lamp symbolising death and the frailty of life. The skull seems out of place sharing a table with such other splendid objects, leaving the spectator questioning the choices Steenwyck has made, perhaps these symbols of death serve as a warning to those who seek happiness in the Vanities of Human Life.TMA 02 Part 2 LiteratureRead also History QuizzesRead John Keats Sonnet, When I have fears that I may cease to be ( resource book 1, A39). In not more than 300 words, write an analysis of the sonnet basing your response on the questions below.1. Comment o n the use of repetition. (e.g. when, before, never.)2. What is the relationship between the octave and the sestet?3. What part do the different rhymes, including the final couplet, play in conveying the meaning of the sonnet?Keats begins by setting the tone for the sonnet, When I have fears, indicating the major theme that is to run throughout. In the first two quatrains he writes about the fear of dying young, fearing he will not have the time he needs to fulfil himself as a writer and the third quatrain fearing that he will lose his beloved. Farming metaphors, rich garners the full-ripend grain, emphasize how he sees his imagination and creativity, like a fertile field waiting to be sown, with the alliteration in garners and grain highlighting this further. Keats emotive language draws attention to his love poetry, before my pen has gleaned my teaming brain, believing the world to be full of material he can create countless poetry from, devoting more lines to his love of verse tha n his beloved. Enchanting imagery illustrates his philosophy on love, faery power a mystical and supernatural force that he has no control over.Alongside this immense fear of death, is the concern with time, the repetition of When I beginning both quatrains of the octave and introducing the sestet, stresses Keats preoccupation with time and the fear of it consuming him. This sense of time running out is emphasized through the enjambment in the third quatrain the final line runs into the closing couplet, urging the reader on.The rhyming scheme, abab cdcd gg, helps to intensify the poems train of thought and has great effect in the closing couplet as Keats resolves his fears by declaring the triviality of love and fame, love and fame to nothingness do sink.The octave and the sestet share the continuity of rhyme, and underlying theme of death, though there is a clear change in the range of emotions as the sonnet develops. The octave concentrates on the emotions of confusion and fear wh ilst the sestet focuses on the fear of loving and being loved until reaching a feeling of acceptance over his fears.TMA 02 Part 3 MusicFor this part of the TMA you will need to listen to Track 10 on the TMA CD. You will hear the First Tableau The Shrovetide Fair from Petrushka by Stravinsky. Listen to the track a few times and then answer the question below in up to 300 words on continuous prose.How does Stravinsky combine the elements of music, introduced to you in Unit 3, to establish the atmosphere of the fair?Stravinsky begins the piece with a high-pitched flourish of woodwind instruments, such as the flute and clarinet and is then accompanied by the strings which increase in volume to meet with a fanfare of trumpets, it sounds like the fair is opening. Rhythm plays a key role throughout the entirety of the piece, fluctuating sounds are created as the fluttering of the woodwind section meet with the loud sharp sounds of the strings. Stravinsky manipulates this rapidly changing r hythm to establish the excitement and commotion of the fair.The choice of instruments, and concentration on certain sections of the orchestra in particular parts adds colour to the piece, perhaps representative of the colours and vibrant images of the fair. In the same way, the fullness of the orchestra may relate to the busy crowds at the fair and at the same time sounds very grand.Full use is made of the orchestra, to create great noise and effect, where the strings are concentrated on, the music is very grand and striking whereas the effect the woodwind has on the piece is fleeting and soft. The gradual change in tempo is marked by drum rolls which introduces adagio and accelerando, the timbre of the drum is loud and echoes briefly creating the feeling of suspense at the fair.Each movement brings its own highlight, from the strong trumpet blasts to the precise beats of the triangle, which accompanies the softer woodwind section at the end of the piece. The atmosphere of the fair is lively and upbeat as Stravinsky ends his First Tableau, he employs a melody of sounds that are reminiscent of Russian dance and manages to shift effortlessly from establishing excitement, commotion and suspense throughout the piece to this buoyant finale.TMA02 Part 4 PhilosophyAnswer these questions in not more than 300 words in total.1. Here are some claims. If possible, give a sound argument for each claim. Where this is not possible, give a valid argument anyway. Do indicate those cases where you believe your argument is sound.A.) The Queen is a mother B.) The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plainC.) The earth is flat. D.) Eating people is wrong.E.) Oranges are not the only fruit.All women who give birth are mothers.The Queen has given birth.The Queen is a mother.Rain clouds can only form over plains.It rains in Spain.The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.People cannot walk any other surface than horizontal.People walk the earth.The earth is flat.Eating people is illeg al.If something is illegal, it is wrong.Eating people is wrong.Every morning I eat fruit.I never eat oranges.Oranges are not the only fruit.Arguments A and E are both sound arguments, as the premises for both are al true, and it follows that if the premises to an argument are true then the conclusion must be true.Arguments B and C fail at being sound arguments as the information used can be disproved. Argument D is not sound, as in some countries and within some cultures cannibalism is legal.2. Give an example of an inductive argument, and explain why it is not deductive.Ive owned lots of cars.All the cars Ive owned have had four wheels.All cars have four wheels.This argument cannot be deductive because it is based purely on assumption. Im assuming that all cars have four wheels because Ive only owned cars with four wheels however the volume of cars Ive owned is minute in comparison to the variety of models and makes. Therefore, I cannot presuppose that every car follows the same ru le.Art HistoryCompare and Contrast Essay Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Aegean art are both great influences to what we call art today. Egyptian art emphasized engravings, sculptures and paintings while Aegean art emphasized sculptures, paintings and decorations. One piece I chose to compare and contrast from the Egyptian art was Sekhmet. Another piece I chose to compare and contrast from the Aegean art period is the Snake Goddess. These two beautiful artworks are alike and similar in many ways.The Snake Goddess and Sekhmet are alike because they are both sculptures that show signs of power. The Snake Goddess is a sign of power because she has a form-fitting outfit that exposed her breasts and a flounced skirt with many layers that covered her feet. She is holding two snakes tightly in each arm. Some researchers claimed that Minoans worshipped the Snake Goddess as Mother Goddess. In Aegean culture they believed snakes were good and that they showed a sign of water.This also indicated fertility, health and wealth. She also had a panther on top of her head, which shows that she is in touch with nature and that was a sign of power as well. Not only is she in touch with nature but her elaborate headdress and extravagant outfit shows wealth. Sekhmet also shows many signs of power. Her name is derived from the Egyptian word Sekhem (which means power or might) and is often translated as the Powerful One This ancient Egyptian goddess Sekhmet is known as the Eye of Ra.She is the power that protects the good and gets rid of the wicked. Sekhmet is the wrathful form of Hathor who is the Goddess of joy, music, dance, sexual love, pregnancy and birth. She is also Goddess of the sun and one of her powers is intense blinding heat. Her weapons were arrows, which were supposed to pierce hearts. Also Sekhmet would get a fiery glow from her body when she got upset and hot desert winds came from her breath. She was also a goddess of healing. When people became ill, she was capable o f healing them with her powers.The Snake Goddess and Sekhmet are also very different in many ways. One way they are different is the rolls of women in their time period. Egyptians and Aegean people both believed that women held power but they werent similar. For example in Aegean time women were a powerful symbol of fertility and having a connection with the earth and animals easily fits in with what they worshipped. On the other hand, Sekhmet showed a different view on women. The womans body that was Sekhmet carried was for birth and new life.The head of the lioness that was Sekhmet showed a sign of destruction, danger and death and reflected the steady and piercing gaze of the hunter that she is. Sekhmet also represents the presence of good and evil, creation and destruction and the ability and willingness to nurture and protect life, and the ability to take it away in a blink of an eye. Not only are their rolls in society different but how the pieces of arts were worshipped also contrasted. The Snake Goddess was used to show rebirth, resurrection or renewal of life.They believed this because the snake was a sign of power and symbolized the purification by water in the funeral cult, so the snake became a protector of the pharaohs in their death. On the other hand, Sekhmet was worshipped Sekhmet was worshiped throughout Egypt, particularly wherever a wadi opened out at the desert edges. This is the type of terrain that lions are often found. Many of them came to the desert to be able to drink and to prey upon cattle in that area.

An Overview Of Collaboration Procurement Construction Essay

Procurement is a term which describes the activities under make watern by a client or employer who is demanding to convey about the building or renovation of a edifice. Procurement has great influence on the squeeze, cost and quality. The do-to- prepare nature of many building attempts increases the built-in hazards. These hazards include finishing a under victorious which does non run into demands, which is delivered late or costs more than the client mass pay or fund. All these hazards can impact the client s nucleus concern, earnestly. The procurance scheme developed balance hazards against undertaking aims at an early phase of building. This manner of procurance involves the contractor being responsible for origination every bit good as building, it can be suited for all clients, including inexperient clients and those necessitating distance from the undertaking and cost certainty and faster path. It is of import at the beginning to guarantee that the field of treatment is unloadly defined. One of the jobs that have beset this peculiar country of building enquiry is a deficiency of clear definition. ( rowlison, steve )As procurance the undertaking squad testament be selected. After the undertaking squad has been selected the undertaking can come on through development initial design work to fixing drawings and paperss to exemplify the undertaking, accomplishing be aftering consent, specifying criterions to be met and apportioning duties. During this period the client ( or undertaking patron or undertaking director ) should guarantee land purchase is completed on clip, if necessary guarantee the design procedure is consistent with the strategic brief, guarantee an internal decision-making arranging is in topographic point to avoid design holds. Keep the wider client organisation informed set up. An appropriate support model to guarantee payments can be made on clip. Construction stage depart come on under the direction of the undertaking director or the undertaking squad. ( online ) cooperative procurance is non popular but this method is increasing in the worldwide. Collaborative procurance is seen as horizontal coaction between different local governments during ane or more stairss in the procurance procedure. In this method contact is made with different little companies with the regard of their forte. Through this procedure many companies take complete equipment and make their ain undertaking. Different advantages can be gained by collaborative procurance in footings of effectivity and efficiency. In this signifier the rate of triumph depend on the manner of organisation which is apply. The collaborative procurance proposals are the manner to utilize the professional purchasing organisation by puting up a different companies in one panel and it drive to greater coordination, consistence and transparence. ( Online )Partnership may hold somewhat different contents and range so coaction, but the lowest common is that the parties will work as a group jointly in any regard and that the parties must hold say-so in each other. The term collaborative contract, a definition of a collaborative contract is to be controlled by client and contractor and it is besides play the regular interaction between the client and a contractor. It besides makes the regular contact with contractor and adviser of different undertakings.Therefore the Collaboration procurance is actually of import for multi undertakings. This client will salvage the clip and cost. Quality will besides better by doing contract with all specializers in their ain Fieldss.Method statementIntroductionNahar al-wafa Est. has the skill and resources to transport out this developing undertaking and welcoming the chance of fall ining the professional squad during pre-tender phase. From our probe program of this undertaking will done on fast path method in the order to supply our clients with the complete contract at earliest possible day of the mo nth together with extravagantly quality.Method statementSite constitutionInvestigating the settle is an of import undertaking a study will be done to transport out indispensable pre stamp work. in the beginning the taking the duty of work all the job of bing site must be notified to client s representative. During the probe of site, contact will be made with statutory governments to place the local existing services.Site AdjustmentContact should be made to allow section sing the possible posing for adjustment. On the site after the completion of slab floor the full adjustment will be installed as followersClient s demand will stipulate on measure pageNahar AL-wafa Est Accommodation Provision for undertaking executivebuilding undertaking director, SiteAgents, Engineers, Surveyors, GeneralForman and disposal.Welfare Facilities Canteen, Draying Room, Toilets and First assistance.Extra demand for foreman sub contractor s supervising scoreices and security office will setup on the d emand.Site entreeDuring the infrastructure work there is opportunity of hurt. So hirer entree should from north gate and south gate should utilize for issue. For lading and droping trim country is available in the site.Materials DistributionIn the order to run into the agenda and supreme coverage of site 2 Cranes will be suggested. It is besides suggested to put in the Cranes in early phase so it can be used in sub-structure work. Crain should be topographic point on rain force concrete construction. After doing the floor, riders and goods hoists should be distribute in all floors before taking the Cranes.Infrastructure worksBasement building would make with pilling. It is assumed that pile testing will be carried out to chief contract work with pilling plan. Extra clip for pilling trial will non be granted it is expected that successful pilling contractor would utilize at least three rigs. We have assumed that pre tiring pilling will non be indispensable and the advancement of pi lling contractor will non enforce any consequence on other work. For velocity and efficiency, the retaining wall signifiers would be fabricated off site. Concrete universe should transport out with Cranes in the order to salvage clip and money. ( Construction Methods And Planning )Ace constructionIn the order to fast method a carefull survey of model systems is carried out in the relation to rapid advancement. The selected methods showed that it is verified to acquire best consequence in less clip.Aluma system will be used on the land slab which is portion of our strategy. This system can be installed rapidly. It will besides do the building visible radiation weight. For fastness slabs we have planned for the usage of winging signifiers. Round signifier work to columns would be manufactured off site in glass reinforced plastic or steel to supply the quality coating required.Distribution of concrete support and signifier work for the frame would be by crane concrete. In the order fo r rapid building it is suggested to utilize nomadic concrete pumps. It will salvage the clip and cost every bit good.External envelopeDue to the wellness and safety ground ephemeral fencings barrier must be installed as a frame of building. It is very of import to procure the site. Curtain palisading type and industry is non being specified. Full research is non possible for the design and industry. It is designed harmonizing to the tendency of market. ( Construction Methods And Planning )Site organisation constructionOrganization of this site will be provided by the Nahr Al wafa est confederation. This company has the directors and technology. In as differentiateed instances they been trained by the company and have established their place on varied undertakings over long periods.Training and employment of local peopleIt is really of import that local people should use after some preparation. The divisional policy is to advance the formal preparation of employees at all degree. Most of these sort of preparations carried out in the houses with to the full equipped developing school.Engagement in external preparation strategies is supported and encouraged the immature people. For senior degree, the preparation is tending(p) about direction development.Health and safetyDivision has the duties to do guarantee that the employs are working under safe system. The full safeguards measure has been taken and all the stave will non consequence by any operations. ( Construction Methods And Planning )

BTEC BUSINESS LEVEL 2 UNIT 11 P1-P5 Essay

Businesses that are well getn for providing superb customer service have several(prenominal) characteristics in commonthey understand what customer service really meansthey understand their customers and aim to fulfil their needs in every way every single person in the organisation wants to achieve this aim.Customer service is the customers complete experience, from the second they enter a business or view a website, to the after-sales service, such as spare parts or repairs. Superb customer service means providing services that customers did not even know they wanted, but are delighted to find are provided.Identifying Customer NeedsEffective customer service involves satisfying customer needs, so the first stair is to find proscribed what these are. All customers contact a business because they want something. Businesses use several methods to identify the needs of their customers quickly. E.g. restaurants, supermarkets, Argos, Thomas Cookhow do you view Chelsea FC identify the needs of their customers?Common customer needsMake a purchaseOrder a product or serviceObtain trainingAsk for adviceEnquire about an orderChange an orderReport a problemAsk for assistance or helpReturn or exchange goodsComplainPresentation SkillsWhat do other people see when you approach them? Someone who looks smart and professional, or someone who looks like they fell out of bed 10 minutes ago? Presentation skills have nothing to do with good looks, but everything to do with a welcoming smile, appropriate frock and a smart appearance.Personal presentation uniforms, guides on hairstyles, jewellery, discrimination Body language posture, facial expressions, gesturesworking environment tidy work area, cooperation and politeness towards roundInterpersonal SkillsThese relate to your attitude and behaviour towards other people.Attitude Be positive, leave problems behindBehaviour Courteous, respectful, honesty, thoughtfulFirst impressions and greetings Nice reception areas, ball and p olite greetings Interpersonal skills Listening carefully, note taking, request questions,positiveresponses, courtesy, concern, confidence, interest, thoughtfulness, respect, tact, efficiency Responding to customer behaviour Watch customer body language, listen for their mood, choose language and timing carefully, see the whole pictureCommunication SkillsYou need to speak to your customers and how you do this is important. You must take into considerationTone of voice The way in which you say something, expressing yourself when you speak Pitch The sound that you make when you speak, high/low,loud/quiet Language Use appropriate language, avoid slang and jargon chiliad The speed at which you speak, speak slowly and clearly Listening skills Active listening (concentrating on the speaker, notice their feelings), Reflective listening (restating what you hear at points during the conversation to check your understanding)Scope of job role Staff should know what they can and cannot do as part of their job and the type of issues they must refer to a supervisor. This should not stop them using their own initiative to resolve a straightforward problem quickly, providing they do not make arrangements or promises that are outdoors their authorityKnowledge of Products/ Services You can only give customers accurate information and advise them about the best options to suit their needs if you have a good knowledge of the products and/ or services available. Because you cannot always memorise these, you also need to know where to find the information, such as in a catalogue, cusp or database.Type and Quality of products/servicesBusinesses monitor and evaluatetheircustomer service so that they can remedy problems and introduce improvements. This can be through in various ways. The methods used usually depend upon the size and type of business.Informal customer feedback easy and cheap an example is a waiter asking you how your meal is when you are eating Customer questi onnaires/comment cards issued by many businesses e.g restaurants these give the business an idea of how effective their customer service is.Question) What do you think a disadvantage of this form of monitoring might be? Staff feedbackthis is invaluable, and not just because it is free many staff receive or overhear customer comments, both positive and negative. In addition, if staffs are unhappy and leave to work elsewhere, it is sensible to find out why. Mystery customers employed to reproof stores to assess staff. They may also check competitors stores to compare service levels.(Question) What things do you think a mystery shopper will be feel out for? Complaints and compliment letters encouraged by many organisations as a form of feedback If several similar complaints are received, there isobviouslya problem that needs immediate attention. This is why organisations record the complaints they receive and then check to see if there are any common factors.

The Go-Between

The Go-Between Essay The Go-Between is a short story written by Ali smith in 2009. The story was written for a collection of short stories written to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the United Nations adoption of the universal declaration of compassionate rights. The writer found inspiration in article 13, which describes the right to freedom of movement. The story follows the 33-year-old former microbiologist who gives us a direct insight into what it means to be African refugees on the border between Morocco and Spain. I was a microbiologist, before. (Page 3, eminence 32-33)The narrator is even, for some reason, fled his native Cameroon, and has on several occasions tried to hightail it across the border to Europe. None of his attempt is successful, and they have cost him part of his ear and a finger. He explains in detail about how flight tests were do and what treatment he has received from the authorities. The narrator has abandoned himself to escape and have now settled in the Spanish city of Ceuta, located in Morocco. hither he lives in a small room with three others, where he works as a guide (Go-between) for newly arrived refugees.He establishes contact between upkeep organization doctors and refugees. He speaks several languages and can entrust the switch in position. The French doctors can be Italian, Spanish, French, English, for instance. I speak these, and also some others. (Page 2, run along 31-32) The novel provides a powerful insight into the miserable and tragically conditions refugees in North Africa. The story is told through a first person narrator, who retells the story in the past tense. The narrator seems to be at a distance of the actions he describes.The narrator is authoritarian by virtue of the concomitant that he is anticipating the events of the story. Given the fact that the story is told by a first person narrator, there is only one point of mentation. Obviously we are dealing with an inner point of view the event s are being viewed with inner sight from the narrators point of view. We are only told about the narrators own thoughts and what he feels and senses. As mentioned, the narrator has several times try to flee to Europe, but all the experiments have failed, and he has every time been sent back.The first time the narrator is trying to reach Europe, his ladder descend two breaks, and he gets caught out in nowhere between the two fences that separates Europe and Africa. Here he lives for six weeks, with the help of the workers who are about to put the fence up. Finally prisoners police him and send him back to Africa. The second time the narrator, along with 500 other refugees, tries to jump over the two fences that separate them from Europe. During the discharge he, loses a part of his ear, then they all get caught and sent back to Africa.Before repatriation, they are chased by dogs, beaten with sticks and shot at. They are not officially recorded, as is supposed, but are simply sent back to Africa. The third and fourth escape attempt takes place in the water, but the narrator gets picked up by patrols boats both times. One of those times he loses a finger on one of the barbed wire fence that is set up below water. After the many unsuccessful escape attempts, the narrator helps the African refugees who arrive from Ceuta. I help the French doctors. Borders are not always visibleI can go between people and places. I can go to the figures of the city they cant, or the buildings they cant, or the people they dont know about, or the people who dont wish to be seen. I can take them with me I can tell the people its okay. (Page 2, line 39-42) The writer uses an unusual writing style in his short story, which starts in medias reticuloendothelial system with a question You know what Spain is? (Page 1, line 1) That the story starts in medias res means that there is no introduction or opening, and the reader is not presented to the situation, persons or setting of the story.So you dont know what has happened in advance of the situation you are presented to. The most(prenominal) conspicuous feature in the story in terms of writing style is the fact that it is written like if the narrator is talking to somebody. That we can tell by the questions, the informal, the casual language and the missing questions marks. It is almost like you are reading a part of a conversation between the narrator and mortal else. We are only introduced to the narrator, which makes him the main character.The only things we know about him is his former work and his physique. As mentioned before, he is a educated man who speaks several languages. He does also quote the scientist Van Leeuwenhoeck. We are told that he is 33 years old, and in the end of the story he describes himself as a slight man. Im a small, slight man. Im not a big man. Im lean and slight. My stature is slight. My coat is a bit too slight here comes the winter. (Page 4, line 120-121) The story seems to be critical of the problems concerning freedom of movement in the conception.Weve been given an insight in a valet where freedom of movements is non-existent. To show this, Ali Smith uses irony as a very effective way of calling peoples attention to the problem, which he is utterly illustrating through the short story. He wants to draw peoples attention to the fact that the human right are not fulfilled, and that politicians all over the world has to look at this problem, because the people who are supposed to register the refugees apparently dont know how to do their job.The refugees are injured, humiliated and chased, with dogs, sticks, electric dishonour sticks and gun (Page 1, line 23-24) The short story can be seen as a wake-up call to the world. Instead of celebrating the anniversary, action should be taken. Now it the time to truly fulfil the rights we have given people and not just be satisfied with the ways things are functioning at the moment. Ali Smith

A Similar Theme in Works of Neoclassical and Romantic

The genesis of Neoclassical Art and that of wild-eyed Art thrived in close proximity as far as chronology was concerned.Neoclassicism or Neo-Classicism marked the revival meeting of Classical interests in literature, visual contrivances, music, theater and architecture between the mid-eighteenth and the nineteenth ampere-second. Mainly canonical full treatment of ancient classic and Roman times were reproduced by the neoclassicists, but not without experimenting with their own impressions and improvisations. Maintaining the tradition of a culture which was rich and opulent in the past was a major objective of the neoclassical craftsmen.But the romantic genre of decorative and performing art, which hit the scene in the eighteenth century Western Europe, was a trend investter in its own rights. While neoclassicism dealt with the resurgence of the antique ideal that was conceived of by Virgil, Raphael and many other(a) lofty artists, the wild-eyed Movement was a reaction against the severities of reality and rationalization. Naturalistic heathenish expressions were regained and given newer dimensions by the neoclassicists.On the contrary, the romanticists take flight from the sternness of routine life by delving into fanciful musings on nature in its untamed form. The invest of resemblance between both these movements can be found in their dealing with aesthetics of art and subjective virtues. This strive is going to compare and telephone line between two archetypal arts from the eighteenth century Neoclassical and Romantic genres.The eighteenth century Europe was woken up from a slumber of inertia when the German art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann showered accolades on the ingenuity and authenticity of the ancient Greek sculptor in his essay Gedanken ber die Nachahmung der Griechischen Werke in der Malerei und Bildhauerkunst (Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture), published in 1755. While this treatise concerned o nly the Neoclassical frameworks of art, our proposed course of study in this paper is going to be based on finding a common theme from the Neoclassical and the Romantic era.The basic bother in doing so is to excogitate a way to match the sublimities of ancient Greek tastes and preferences with the realism of the Romantic Europe. Subject matter, ardour and power point played a pivotal role in shaping the mess of the neoclassical artist.1 Moreover, fastidiousness over maintaining the class is a definitive neoclassical approach. Now if we take into account the cultural influence as well as the artistic nuances of a given work of art, we are marvellous to appreciate it insightfully.2 These two parameters are independent of each other in that the former has nothing to do with the artists vision and objective.The cultural precondition exists in the subconscious of the creator while he goes about his business with the brush and the canvas. The same holds true for the Romantic artist a s well. Sublimity, as claimed by Prager,3 is essentially a romantic quality. The Romantic preoccupation with aesthetics analyzes the underlying meaning of the theme which is be worked upon, and makes a differentiation between sublime and beautiful. But the paradigmatic cases of neoclassical painting do not distinguish between these two viewpoints. By and large, what stands out in any typical neoclassical artwork is its chastity of emotion and lofty ideals that are reflective of the root source and time.Mother of the Gracchi by Angelica Kauffmann is widely regarded to be a re fork upative work of the eighteenth century neoclassical age. Being a accomplished and well-cultivated painter, Kauffmann was extremely scrupulous about the bafflingties of expression and proper treatment of the theme.Hence, Mother of the Gracchi goes beyond the lifeless phoney of a Classical theme at a latter period. Drawing inspiration from the classical Greek and Roman history and literature, Kauffmann r epudiated the ancient characters and replaced them with modern ones. The settings too were changed so that the modernistic charm of the neoclassical period could be retained.Revered as an exemplum virtutis (example or model of virtue),4 this artwork superseded the more flaunty and playful rococo style both in the gravity of theme as well as in taste. This painting thematically concerns the virtue of Cornelia, mother of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. It displays motherly affection in its most profound manner as Cornelia is seen bring her two sons as jewels to a visitor who is seated.The Romantic artwork we have picked up in our present study is Alexander Cozens paintings. Just as Kauffmann belonged to a learned community of painters, Cozens too was aware of the magisterial and accurate drawing procedures from the very beginning of his career as a painter.His works were largely influenced and make by his prolonged academic tenure in Italy, where he had to make topographical pen and wash off drawings in oil. The salient features of Cozens works included speed and spontaneity in execution along with a firm focus on the subject at hand.5While it is a daunting task to compare and contrast between two entirely different schools of painting, it would be worth taking a look, first of all, at the similarities. In many ways, Cozens works captured the pastoral beauty of nature in its unblemished form. Albeit Kauffmann addressed to a historical theme, she portrayed Cornelia as emblematic of Mother Nature.Moreover, Cozens drawings continue to evoke a sense of devotion and bewilderment among contemporary critics for their taste and sublimity. Like Kauffmann, he too was able to convey his powerful feelings by using select washes of a few basic colors.Now if we are to look into the contrasting aspects of the Neoclassical and the Romantic artworks, we should be beginning with the cultural remnants of the Classical times that shaped the neoclassical attitude towards painting. It was imperative that Kauffmann should make up the Roman architectural patterns in Mother of the Gracchi a compulsion Alexander Cozens did not have to move over attention to.Again, the spontaneous flow of emotions, which is so typical of the Romantic movement at large, are wanting in the neoclassical paintings. It was as if the neoclassicists were more preoccupied by the exactness of form than by absorb a sense of freedom and expressionism into their works.Much in sync with the prerequisites of the Romantics, Cozens was a visionary poet who could blend colors with subtle use of light and shade to render a mystic charm to his works. But Kauffmann had to follow stricter rules and norms set by the earlier trends of the Classicism. However, the use of symbolism was more prominent and effective in Mother of the Gracchi and other neoclassical works than what was observed in the works of Cozens.1 Kleiner et al., p. 767 2 Binkley, p. 12 3 Prager, p. 93 4 Kleiner et al., p. 767 5 Murr ay, p. 227

The History of Policing

The history of policing in the United States is broke land into three gen epochl durations they are the political period from 1840 to1930, the reform era from 1930 to 1980 and the community era from 1980 to present. As we look at these eras we find that some of the tactics and policies that were powerful in one era were sooner ineffective in another or in contrast that some tactics that were thought ineffective are at one time being considered necessary for an effective and productive police force.In the political era officeholders were appointed by politicians and would remain loyal to those who appointed them. In this era officers provided several(prenominal) services that would take running soup lines, helping immigrants find jobs and establish themselves, the officers would at times tout ensembleow vernal immigrants episodic housing in the station house.The main means of patrolling their beat was on foot. These officers would as well as live in the neighborhoods tha t they patrolled this would prove to be both beneficial and detrimental. The beneficial part was that they knew their neighborhood they had a personal carry in maintaining order.The detrimental part was that they had a tendency to keep those who did not belong or strangers bulge out of the neighborhood by using Curbstone justice this often leaded in discrimination. In the reform era the public grow tired of the corruption, brutality and unfairness of police forces and wanted to follow J. Edgar Hoovers reform of the government agency of Investigation.Those that wanted these changes became known as reformers and they demanded change, they saw politicians as the problem with policing and wanted to remove the ties between governance and police. These reformers began to get changes made across the country things like civil service exams, making it illegal for an officer to live in the area that he patrolled and making changes to how the chief of police was hired or fired.Changes wer e also made to the why officers did their jobs and even what their jobs were. Police focused on law enforcement and controlling crime all of the other duties became Social work. This system removed foot patrols and wanted officers to be distant and removed from the communities they served, the feeling was that this would enable them to administer the law in an objective manner.In 1967 the Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and formation of Justice ratified this orientation heretofore, Police had been conceptualized as an agency of urban government the Presidents Commission reconceptualized them as part of the Criminal Justice System. The community era started in the 1980s however the research that much of this era is based on began in the late 1970s in places like Flint Michigan were foot patrols were brought rear end throughout the city.The city even voted twice to raise taxes in order to maintain the foot patrols. The result of the foot patrols were reduced fear, increase d citizen satisfaction with police and increased morale and job satisfaction of the officers. separate programs like the Safe and Clean Neighborhood Program in New Jersey had similar success.enquiry also showed that increasing other types of patrols that focus on police-citizen interactions also had similar results. These studies lead to a new way of policing referred to as community policing. This new tactic put officers back in the communities and changed what was expected of them. Officers were now tasked with maintaining order, negotiating conflicts and solving community problems these tasks require neighborhood and community involvement.Community policing encourages people to bring problems to an officer or to a local police station and gives the officer and the station the ability to devise and implement solutions, it is also a strategy that allows officers to learn what is expected or wanted by their community then gives the officer the ability to deliver results that will m eet these expectations.The intension is to deliver on what the community wants and in enactment gain the trust and cooperation of the community, this trust and cooperation will in turn reduce crime and gain effective teaching from the community when needed to solve crime.The history of policing in the United States has gone through several changes since the political era of the 1840s. With wide spread changes made in the reform era of the 1930s that took police apart from the community and kept them distant from those that they served.It took research conducted in the late 1970s and early 1980s to discover that better information on crime and criminals could be wined by police from citizens and that patrol officers were in the best position to obtain this information. This research has lead to the community policing that we see in todays police departments.