Several Technologies That Are Less Expensive Than Earlier Versions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1074 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Technology Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Several Technologies that is less polluting and less expensive than earlier versions of the technology. List 3 Technologies: Solar cars A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered completely or significantly by direct solar energy. Usually, photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels convert the suns energy directly into electric energy. The term solar vehicle usually implies that solar energy is used to power all or part of a vehicles propulsion. Solar power may be also used to provide power for communications or controls or other auxiliary functions. Solar vehicles are not sold as practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Several Technologies That Are Less Expensive Than Earlier Versions" essay for you Create order Solar Panels A solar panel (also solar module, photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each panel is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a panel determines the area of a panel given the same rated output an 8% efficient 230 watt panel will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt panel. Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, most installations contain multiple panels. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and or solar tracker and interconnection wiring. Some Examples of what solar panels are used for are homes-Did you know that by going solar, youll lock in on a low, fixed solar rat e from day one? Switching to solar keeps rising energy rates in check and guarantees a lower monthly electricity bill.. Electric car An electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one electric motor or more, using electrical energy stored in batteries or another energy storage device. Electric motors give electric cars instant torque, creating strong and smooth acceleration. Electric cars were popular in the late 19th century and early 20th century, until advances in internal combustion engine technology and mass production of cheaper gasoline vehicles led to a decline in the use of electric drive vehicles. The energy crises of the 1970s and 1980s brought a short-lived interest in electric cars, though those cars did not reach mass marketing as todays electric cars experience it. Since the mid-2000s, the production of electric cars is experiencing a renaissance due to advances in battery and power management technologies and concerns about increasingly volatile oil prices and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Electric cars have several benefits over conventional internal combustion engine automobiles, including a significant reduction of local air pollution, as they have no tailpipe, and therefore do not emit harmful tailpipe pollutants from the onboard source of power at the point of operation; reduced greenhouse gas emissions from the onbo ard source of power, depending on the fuel and technology used for electricity generation to charge the batteries; and less dependence on foreign oil, which for the United States and other developed or emerging countries is cause for concern about vulnerability to oil price volatility and supply disruption. Also for many developing countries, and particularly for the poorest in Africa, high oil prices have an adverse impact on their balance of payments, hindering their economic growth. Despite their potential benefits, widespread adoption of electric cars faces several hurdles and limitations. As of 2013[update], electric cars are significantly more expensive than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles due to the additional cost of their lithium-ion battery pack. However, battery prices are coming down with mass production and are expected to drop further. Other factors discouraging the adoption of electric cars are the lack of public and pr ivate recharging infrastructure and the drivers fear of the batteries running out of energy before reaching their destination (range anxiety) due to the limited range of existing electric cars. Several governments have established policies and economic incentives to overcome existing barriers, promote the sales of electric cars, and fund further development of electric vehicles, more cost-effective battery technology and their components. The US has pledged US$2.4 billion in federal grants for electric cars and batteries. China has announced it will provide US$15 billion to initiate an electric car industry within its borders Several developmental alternatives to highly polluting industries Industrial Scrubbers- Wet Scrubbers are effective air pollution control devices for removing particles and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams. Wet scrubbers operate by introducing the dirty gas stream with a scrubbing liquid à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" typically water. Particulate or gases are collected in the scrubbing liquid. Wet scrubbers are generally the most appropriate air pollution control device for collecting both particulate and gas in a single system. Pollution Systems offers a variety of Wet Scrubber systems specifically designed for your process application. Many important operating variables are considered when evaluating the size and type of scrubber for any specific application. We will work with you and use our experience and knowledge to provide the proper solution for your process. Typical wet scrubber systems consist of a scrubbing vessel, ductwork and fan system, mist eliminator, pumping (and possible recycle system), spent scrubbing liquid treatment and an exhaust stack. Modern controls are used to monitor the system and make any necessary adjustments. Wet Scrubbers are common in many industrial applications including pollutant reduction at petroleum refineries, chemical processes, acid manufacturing plants, and steel making. They need these for the environment because of the harmful smoke that was created during the process of making steel.. b. Plastic Disposal- Low recycling rates: Plastic is difficult and costly to recycle because manufacturers and consumers discard over twenty different types of plastic, and before they can be recycled, these plastics must be collected, transported, sorted, degreased, and washed. Neither private nor public agencies are investing sufficiently in the systems needed to increase plastic recycling rates. Few manufacturers invest in the compactors and logistical systems needed to recycle their plastic scraps. Few public agencies invest in recycling receptacles for public spaces. A 2009 survey by Keep America Beautiful found that only 12% of public spaces in the U.S. had recycling receptacles next to their garbage receptacles.1 Due to these shortfalls of private and public investments in recycling, the EPA found that only 7.1% of plastics going to US Municipal Solid Waste facilities were being recycled in 2009,2 a number that rose to 8.2% by 2010

Essay On Killer Angels - 1776 Words

Killer Angels is a 1974 historical novel by Michael Shaara. The book tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War. The novel is told through the voices of both Union army and Confederate Army of Northern Virginia leaders who were in battle there. The novel is laid out in days and each new chapter for the day gives a number and the name of the man who is the focus of the chapter. In Killer Angels, the Army of Northern Virginia’s demise is highlighted by a few different features. The failing health and age of Robert E. Lee served to distract him from military obligations, the advantage point the Union side had over Confederate Army at the Battle of Gettysburg, and the most significant reason for demise, was the†¦show more content†¦Throughout Killer Angels, Lee is described in a way as taking it easy because of his heart condition. â€Å"Lee sat down against a rail fence† (106). â€Å"Lee took a quick nap† (143). It’s easy t o see the Lee was doing a lot of resting because of his heart condition. An army cannot be effectively led if the commander is sitting, preoccupied with the pain of a health condition, and taking it easy. Another problem Lee had was that he was seen as a father figure to most of the men and treated them softly. Stuart was supposed to be gathering information for Lee, but instead he was out â€Å"joy riding† which left the Army of Northern Virginia basically blind as to where the North regiments were positioned. Longstreet said â€Å"When Stuart comes back you ought to court martial him† (82). However, Lee believed reproach, letting Stuart know how badly he let them down, would make him a good soldier. When dealing with Stuart Lee â€Å"spoke as you speak to a child† and wanted to reassure him. He treated Stuart softly (256-266). Lee’s age, failing health, and softness on his men was one reason the Army of Northern Virginia lost the Battle of Gettysburg. N ext, the Union had an advantage over the Confederates in the Battle of Gettysburg. Gettysburg is in Pennsylvania which was part of the North, so they were in home territory and had a home field advantage. In chapter 7 of July 1, 1863, Buford for the Union, had secured the best high ground Cemetery Hill, Cemetery Ridge, and Little Round Top. InShow MoreRelated Killer Angels Essay2541 Words   |  11 Pages The Killer Angels The Battle of Gettysburg brought the dueling North and South together to the small town of Gettysburg and on the threshold of splitting the Union. Gettysburg was as close as the United States got to Armageddon and The Killer Angels gives the full day-to-day account of the battle that shaped America’s future. Michael Shaara tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg through the eyes of the generals and men involved in the action of the battle. The historical account of the BattleRead MoreEssay on Killer Angels1074 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿1. What role does honor play in the novel?   Honor played a major role in novel,  Killer Angels.  Throughout the book, Honor was a concept that remained important to members of the armies, regardless of whether they were supporting the Union or the Confederacy. Every action and decision was made with the intention of being heroic and as honorable as possible. 2. From your reading of  Killer Angels, what do you think was the main reason the Civil War was fought? While the North lightly interpretedRead MoreKiller Angels Essay714 Words   |  3 PagesKiller Angels The pain, joy, bloodshed, death, and sorrow of the Civil War are all contained in the book called, The Killer Angels. This book will show you the thoughts, feelings and actions of many of the leaders of both armies. By reading this book you will get an in depth view of the bloodiest days of the Civil War. Even if you know absolutely nothing about this war, you can still read and understand everything that is portrayed. This story not only gives you the view of many of theRead More The Killer Angels Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesWars have been fought for many different reasons through the years, and that holds true for the American Civil War (1861-1865). In Michael Shaaras Pulitzer Prize winning novel, The Killer Angels, the reasons for fighting the war are brought about through the officers and soldiers at a famous battle site of the Civil War, Gettysburg. Gettysburg was one of the most documented battles of the whole war. It took place over a span of three days and can be viewed as a turning point from ConfederateRead MoreThe Killer Angels Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesAngels on the Battlefield In the Battle of Gettysburg that took place on July 1, 1863, and ended on July 3, many casualties and injuries resulted from the fighting between those few days, leading to the victory of the Union Army. As mentioned in the Killer Angels, the hospitals were tents where soldiers were treated for their wounds on the battlefield, in the view of anyone and everyone. Amputations were almost every physician’s immediate response to bullet wounds shattering bones, amongst otherRead More Killer Angels Essay466 Words   |  2 Pages The novel The Killer Angles, by Michael Shaara, gives a story like depiction of the American Civil War at the Battle of Gettysburg. In this novel we see the views of both Confederate and Union armies. The officers for both sides in this novel used to go to war with each other but are now on different sides according to their political views. In the end both armies realized the war had accomplished nothing but all the deaths of soldiers. During the novel, the armies are going to war against theirRead MoreKiller Angels Essay1856 Words   |  8 Pagesauthor argue as to why the Confederacy was defeated at Gettysburg? What evidence does he present to make his point? Do you agree or disagree with him? Trevor Jenke Professor Lockwood History 1301: M-W 12:30 2 December, 2013 Killer Angels Book Review 1. During the Civil War, there were two sides, the Confederate Army and the Union Army. While the Confederates fought for slavery, the Union fought for their freedom. While the Confederates fought for the continuance of state’s rightsRead MoreEssay about Killer Angels1119 Words   |  5 Pages Wars have been fought for many different reasons through the years, and that holds true for the American Civil War (1861-1865). In Michael Shaara’s Pulitzer Prize winning novel, The Killer Angels, the reasons for fighting the war are brought about through the officers and soldiers at a famous battle site of the Civil War, Gettysburg. Gettysburg was one of the most documented battles of the whole war. It took place over a span of three days and can be viewed as a turning point from Confederate prominenceRead MoreThe Killer Angels Essay examples1035 Words   |  5 PagesThe Killer Angels Mine eyes have seen the glory . . . The spy was the first to see the Union army march through the valley. He noted that the army was moving fast and marching in extreme heat. His intentions now were to return and report this information to the General Robert E. Lee. Lieutenant General James Longstreet received him back at camp, and the spy let him know of the information, which he had obtained. Longstreet found it useful information to pass on to Lee. Both Lee and LongstreetRead MoreEssay on The Killer Angels by Michael Sharra1446 Words   |  6 Pages Based of Michael Sharra’s Pulitzer Prize winning novel, The Killer Angels, Gettysburg is a literary adaptation that popularized the bloodiest battle fought between the North and the South during the Civil War. Initially intended as a TV mini series, Gettysburg was produced as a full-length feature film. The film glorifies Union and Confederate soldiers in the historic bloodbath of Gettysburg. The film enables viewers to experience a first hand account of the spirit and battleground of the four-day

Pax Mongolica and Ibn Batutta Essay Sample free essay sample

Our universe has been mostly shaped by audacious adventurers and travellers who dared the unknown and the unfamiliar to enlarge our cognition of the universe. Much of our political and cultural history was defined by adventurers at a clip when the universe was much bigger than it is today. One of these travellers is Ibn Battuta. a celebrated Muslim traveller in the 14th century. Ibn Battuta was born four old ages into the 14th century. He was born in Tangier. Morocco from a comfortable Islamic household. As a Muslim. the desire to go to the Holy City of Mecca was ingrained in Ibn Battuta. When he was 21 old ages old. Ibn Battuta so took the hajj pilgrims journey of some three thousand stat mis to make Mecca. During this pilgrims journey. Batutta became captivated by the sights and sounds that he experienced. Ibn Batutta was neer the same since so and on the route. he found his true naming at last. Batutta decided to go forth behind his preparation as a justice and Islamic bookman and to give his full life to going. vowing to go merely to Muslim topographic points and to neer take the same way twice. ( Dunn 2004. 9 ) Ibn Batutta is likely the most celebrated Muslim traveller and adventurer. His journeys straddled a period of three decennaries. and covered a distance of over a 100 1000 kilometres. His travels took him to three continents. Africa. Asia. and Europe. covering every known Muslim state at that clip. The travels of Marco Polo. Ibn Batutta’s more popular coeval. were much lesser in range and magnitude. All histories of Ibn Battuta’s travels were documented by another bookman. Ibn Juzayy. Juzayy’s certification along with personal memoirs from Batutta himself remains the primary beginning of Batutta’s noteworthy narrative of geographic expedition and find. Batutta’s travel narratives have been compiled in a individual volume known as Rihla. which means journey in English. The Rihla is likely one of the most thorough beginnings of the Muslim universe in the 14th century ( Dunn 2004. 10 ) . The Rihla contains first-hand histories from Ibn Batutta himself. interspersed with some fictional elements to do it more interesting. Ibn Battuta first geographic expedition lasted twenty old ages. His first path was the oil-rich lands of the Middle East. traveling to Saudi Arabia and saw the relics of the ancient civilisations in Iran and Iraq. After some five old ages. Ibn Batutta so went to the land of Africa and so instantly proceeded to India. In India he stayed for about a decennary before go forthing for China. From China he returned place and stayed place in Morocco for three old ages. after which. he left once more for his 2nd moving ridge of geographic expedition. ( Dunn 2004. 16 ) . It might be said that Ibn Batutta lived in an auspicious clip. The fortunes of the universe when he was born made it an ideal clip for travel. When Batutta was born. the Mongols ruled Persia and most of Central Asia. At that clip. the Mongol swayers were change overing to the Muslim religion. ( Dunn 2004. 11 ) As such. Ibn Batutta grew up at a clip when the Mongols provided protection for the Muslims and gave them safe transition all throughout the imperium. Ibn Batutta travelled under the protections of the Islam faith. He was non identified as a Moroccan. but as a Muslim looking to rent the universe of the Islamic people. advancing peace and integrity among brothers of the religion. The Mongolian Empire that dominated the thirteenth and 14th century was able to set up some sense of peace and stableness in all countries of their rule. largely in Eurasia. While by and large considered as barbaric. the ruthless and oftentimes cruel Mongol soldiers succeeded in uniting a big swath of land that has long been pine awaying in struggle and economic depression. At the tallness of the Mongol Empire. its rule covered the largest immediate district in history. It was spearheaded by Temujin. who in 1206 ascended the Mongol throne. Under his leading. the Mongols were united and began their quest to occupy adjacent lands. The strength and pitilessness of the Mongols easy cut into Eurasia. By the early 15th century. after two centuries of conquering. the Mongol imperium ruled over a district that covers about 25 per centum of the world’s entire land country. ( Dunn 2004. 18 ) . Scholars refer to this period of peace and stableness all throughout the Mongolian Empire as Pax Mongolica. based on the construct of Pax Romana. Pax Mongolica gave a renewed revival of trade along the Silk Road. This reclamation of growing and development of Silk Road commercialism under Pax Mongolica was chiefly a consequence of the safe travel conditions that the Mongols provided for its citizens. Protection from force and offense encouraged more people to take to the route and explore. The trade paths along the Silk Road resulted in the exchange of thoughts and civilization among its participants. This exposure to different civilizations accelerated the cultural development of the participants. with each one affecting and enriching the other. Safe transition. This was the chief status that allowed Ibn Batutta to go and research. Under Pax Mongolica. Ibn Batutta was able to travel from one Muslim topographic point to another without any menace of injury. Under the Mongols. it was purely prohibited to steal and damage private belongings. From terminal to stop of the Mongolian Empire. felons and stealers were punished. and everyplace. people upheld the Mongol jurisprudence. A applaudable trait of the Mongols was their tolerance for all sorts of spiritual patterns. Religious prosecution was expressly outlawed. and rough penalty will be fleetly given to those found guilty of such. ( Dunn 2004. 15 ) The rule of the Mongol Empire was purely governed by a codification of jurisprudence that was designed Genghis Khan. which reflected his liberalism and tolerance for other civilizations. This tolerance may hold been mostly a astute military maneuver as he was able to be in good footings with different leaders of the Muslim universe. Genghis Khan’s codification of jurisprudence imposed rough penalties to those found guilty of interrupting its commissariats. As a consequence. there was stiff subject all across the Mongol Empire that made their districts highly safe and well-organized. Dunn therefore describes Pax Mongolica. The conditions of order and security that attended the Pax Mongolica of the ulterior thirteenth and early 14th centuries gave freer drama than of all time to the motion of Muslims back and forth across Eurasia. ( 2004. 11 ) It was in these conditions that Ibn Batutta set out on his journeys. Ibn Batutta made his singular travels during the ulterior portion of Pax Mongolica. Harmonizing to Dunn. Ibn Batutta was able to go under the pretense of four different individualities. First Batutta was a pious Islam who traveled to the Muslim Holy Land of Mecca and Medina. Second. Batutta travelled as a bookman. who went from topographic point to topographic point. prosecuting in erudite and philosophical conversations among the people he finds company with. Third. Batutta travelled as a fan of Mystical Islam or Sufism. and he went to topographic points of celebrated mystics to inquire for counsel and have their approvals. Last. Batutta travelled for leisure and cultural instruction. ( 2004. 11 ) Having been born to an flush household. Batutta belonged to the elite in society who can afford to go for travel’s interest. To ease trade and commercialism and communicating in the huge Mongol Empire. the swayers invested to a great extent on edifice roads and developing a sophisticated mailing system. Travelers were non merely assured of safety. they were besides given commissariats to stay in contact with their loved 1s back place. For Ibn Batutta. this allowed him to be invariably in touch with the people he has met in all his travels every bit good as to the people at place who awaited updates and histories of his travel. It may be said that Pax Mongolia was a consequence of economic and commercial concerns. The Mongols regarded their economic dealingss with adjacent states because they recognized that this was the lone manner to keep peace across the imperium. Peoples who lived in prosperity and peace are less likely to take up weaponries and Rebel. For the Mongols. to promote trade was one of the best ways to protect the imperium it has fought so difficult to set up. Pax Mongolica was a consequence of the demand to merchandise and merchandise necessitated Pax Mongolica. As such. Pax Mongolica facilitated all manners of cultural and economic exchanges from terminal to stop of the huge imperium. Of class a treatment of Ibn Batutta and Pax Monglica would non be complete without undertaking the bubonic pestilence that may hold really good signaled the terminal of the Mongol Empire. The safe transition and protection for travellers along the Silk Road and in and out of Islamic states that allowed Ibn Batutta to research the Muslim universe besides served as vectors for all sorts of diseases. Fortunately for Batutta. he was able to return to Morocco before the oncoming of the bubonic pestilence. Traveling by Dunn’s history. the pestilence started in the bosom of the Mongolian imperium. among the pastoral husbandmans of Central Asia. In 1331 the disease spread outward along the trade paths ( 2004. 271 ) . As Asia smartly traded with European states. merchandisers and travellers exchanged non merely goods and stuffs. the trade paths along the Silk Road resulted in the exchange of thoughts and civilization among its participants. This exposure to different civilizations acce lerated the cultural development of the participants. with each one affecting and enriching the other. The trade routes that Pax Mongolica protected allowed more and more people to take part in trade and commercialism. However. this flourishing of the trade path besides facilitated the spread of diseases. Among the deadliest of these diseases was the bubonic pestilence that swept Eurasia. killing about half of the full population. This pandemic known as the Black Plague killed more people than all of the old wars combined. The Black Plague sliced thorough Europe and Asia. go forthing a trail of some 75 million people dead. The bubonic pestilence came from Asia and spread to Europe along the trade path. It was this really trade path ; the Sellerss and purchasers who were responsible for the spread and development of civilization. were besides the vectors that spread diseases that halted cultural development. States became wary of aliens because of the fright that they may convey infective diseases. Trade became limited to neighbouring countries. ensuing in the stray development of local civilization sans the influence of foreign states. The one time booming trade path became awful beginnings of atrocious and fatal diseases. When the pestilences hit. this interaction slowed down for several grounds. Those who survived the pestilence became wary of aliens for fright of catching another dangerous unwellness. Furthermore. the ruinous loss of life made trade less feasible. There were fewer people willing to purchase. as most were preoccupied with reconstructing their lives. When trades slowed down. merchandisers used to mongering their goods looked for other agencies to sell their wares. Rather than travel. they set up stores where people went to purchase what they need. The bubonic pestilence changed the face of the universe as it was one time. And the one time mighty Pax Mongolica started t o crumple and fall by the roadside. as it was with all other mighty imperiums of history. As Dunn so puts it. â€Å"The Black Death was the grimly dry monetary value the universe paid for the trans-hemispheric integrity of the Pax Mongolica. † ( 2004. 271 ) The universe that Ibn Batutta knew no thirster exists and it shall neer be one time once more. Destiny may hold conspired to fix the route for Ibn Batutta to safely go sop that this brilliant universe will be known for all clip to come. Mentions: Dunn. R. ( 2004 ) . The Adventures of Ibn Battuta. a Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century. University of California Press

Savage Inequalities by Jonathan Kozol Essay Example

Savage Inequalities by Jonathan Kozol Essay The author of the book â€Å"Savage Inequalities† is Jonathan Kozol. The book explores the education system for children in the United States and exposes the extremes of wealth and poverty in Americas public school system and the tragic impact it has on the underprivileged children. Kozol worked as a teacher in the Boston Public School during the early 1960s and witnessed the unfairness of the system towards the poor students of the community. He worked in the basement of an underfinanced, entirely black freedom school that had been set up in a Roxbury Church. It was here that Kozol directly experienced the dismal conditions in which children studied, due lack of state funds. The children were cramped in dirty corners and there were no study materials. Their reading levels were not standard and moreover, there was extreme racial segregation. In the early nineties, he worked at Mott Haven in South Bronx, New York City – another impoverished neighborhood. He also saw that the children also suffered from inadequate medical care, lack of proper housing, unemployment and violence. Coming from this teaching background Jonathan Kozol does have a bias towards the poor and downtrodden and has through this book, he successfully exposes with examples and arguments the neglect of poor and black children in America.Author’s major hypothesis:Kozol unfolds the dark conditions in which poor black children study by narrating his experiences at East St. Louis, Illinois, which as a 98 percent black population and dubbed by the press as â€Å"an inner city without an outer city. The question Jonathan Kozol puts before his readers in ‘Savage Inequalities is whether America is providing equal opportunities in education and if yes, how can one explain the conditions of the children left behind in places such as East St. Louis, Ill., Chicagos South Side, Camden and Jersey City, N.J., the slums of San Antonio, the South Bronx.His major finding is that childr en who attend schools in these places are cramped with 40 or 50 kids to a classroom, a new teacher every few weeks, little or no art, music, foreign language, or advanced science courses, and too few books to go around. These schools have just one counselor for every 700 students, holes in the roof, raw sewage in the basement and a record of 80% dropouts before graduation.   These are innocent children, after all, Kozol writes in Savage Inequalities:   They have done nothing wrong. They have committed no crime. They are too young to have offended us in any way at all. One searches for some way to understand why a society as rich and, frequently, as generous as ours would leave these children in their penury and squalor for so long-and with so little public indignation†. Kozol shows that the normal response to lawsuits or legislative action in various places in America just forces states to spend equally on all school districts. This does not result in any solution because the richest school districts have four or five times more money to spend per student than the poorest. Moreover, there are politicians who claim that money has nothing to do with quality in education. Frustrated with the ground situation, Kozol raises emotion laden questions as ‘Is fairness less important to Americans today than in some earlier times? What do Americans believe about equality?’Quality of Evidence and Solutions:The problem is put forth before the readers in a very convincing manner and with lots of evidence including eye-witness accounts, statistics and interviews. The book is the result of two years of research as Jonathan Kozol visited Americas public schools, especially those in its large cities. He spoke with teachers, students, principals and superintendents, as well as with city officials, newspaper reporters and community leaders. His arguments are built mostly on direct experiences in East Saint Louis, poverty stricken sectors of New York and Chic ago, in the ghettos of Washington D.C., and economically disenfranchised Camden, New Jersey. The author is meticulous in his accounts as he describes buildings, faculties, curricula, and school boards that are all but falling apart. He highlights the plight of the public school systems in poorer sections of America with Chicagos New Trier High or Rye, New Yorks Morris High, where students are allowed luxurious campuses with new auditoriums, student lounges, wood-paneled libraries brimming with books, extensive computer laboratories, and excellent teachers whose average salaries will soon reach $70,000. Kozol even points out that in these schools, students typically study foreign languages for five years, and approximately 40% of the student body enrolls in Advanced Placement course work. Kozol also supports his arguments with statistics. He says, in one of the wealthiest districts on New Yorks Long Island, the per pupil spending amounts to $11,265 annually. Meanwhile, impoverished s ectors of New York City see only $5,590 per student. The inclusion of such statistics and detailed accounts make the book very authentic and Kozol’s arguments evidence-based.Kozol also treats the issue from the legal viewpoint. He refers to the case when the Supreme Court held blacks and whites as separate but equal in Pleasy vs. Ferguson case, almost 100 years ago and to the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education decision in which the court found that segregated education was unconstitutional because it was inherently unequal.Kozol in fact takes the readers on a personal journey of exploration through public schools across the nation. Through the words and actions of children, adolescents, teachers and administrators, he helps us perceive the dreams and desires of children for a complete adulthood. While many of these dreams are similar across economic, racial, or gendered lines, we learn that the paths for reaching those futures are unevenly paved.Kozol also approaches the issue from various viewpoints. There is a psychiatrist who tells Kozol that white Americans are literally bored hearing about racial injustice. The psychiatrist explains: They see a slipshod, deviant nature-violence, lassitude, a reckless sexuality as if it were a character imprinted on black people†.   A school principal in the Bronx eloquently puts it: â€Å"if they do not give these children a sufficient education to lead healthy and productive lives, we will be their victims later on. Well pay the price somedayin violence, in economic costs†. Gifted children, says Dr. Lillian Parks, the superintendent of the citys schools, are everywhere in East St. Louis, but their gifts are lost to poverty and turmoil†¦They have no feeling of belonging to America . . . Impact of the book:Personally, on reading this book, I was shocked to realize that such conditions exist in such a country like the United States, which the whole world looks up to. A civilized population is not o ne that would be practicing racial discrimination especially on children. The book also shows that there are in reality neglected school systems and much modernized school systems existing side by side in the United States. It is clear from Kozol’s arguments that funding is a major reason for the differences; Kozol is not convincing in his argument that money can solve the problem of education. There are many children from poor immigrants who have come up in life through sheer hard work. The United States offers them opportunities at all levels to come up as long as they are willing to work hard and think constructively. There are many celebrities who have come from poor black communities. Moreover, the issue of education should be seen more holistically and include other problems such as children’s exposure to social evils such as gang problems, drug addictions and domestic violence. Thus, the problem of education for poor children should be viewed from a socio-psycho logical angle rather than from an economic one.Apart from that I also find that the book is highly powerful and invokes the noblest of emotions with ease. I was most deeply touched by Kozol’s experience during Black History Month when dutiful references were sometimes made to The Dream. Martin Luther Kings vision was that of a nation in which black and white children went to school together. We have a schoolnamed for Dr. King, said one 14 year-old girl, The school is full of sewer water and the doors are locked with chains. Every student in that school is black. Its like a terrible joke on history.Moreover, Kozol helps the reader to make his own deductions by emotionally appealing to his judgment. Savage Inequalities is not full of statistics and officially documented pages. Rather it is rife with images that enable the reader to directly sense the â€Å"manner of being† of poor students in under-funded city schools. For example, in a passage Kozol (1992) describes the oppressive life conditions of an eight-year-old Chicago orphan: â€Å"He talks to himself and mumbles during class, but he is never offered psychiatric care or counseling. When he annoys his teacher, he is taken to the basement to be whipped. He isnt the only child in the class who seems to understand that he is being ruined, but he is the child who has first captured my attention. His life is so hard and he is so small; and he is shy and still quite gentle. He has one gift: He draws delightful childish pictures, but the art instructor says he â€Å"muddles his paints.† She shreds his work in front of the class. Watching this, he stabs a pencil point into his hand†.He then talks about the same child sever years later: â€Å"Seven years later he is in the streets. He doesnt use drugs. He is an adolescent alcoholic. †¦To affluent white shoppers he is the embodiment of evil. †¦Three years later I visit him in jail†¦He was jailed for murdering a white man in a wheelchair† (pp. 194—195). Kozol captures the spirit of the child, frustrated by the way society treats him, being transformed into a criminal one. The book is a must read for all citizens of the United States. It can help us understand the reasons of increasing violence and drug problems among the youth. As far as I have thought about Kozol’s arguments, I believe, changes in public education can be wrought by the adoption of a flexible way of understanding and defining community for purposes of schooling, the securing of the independence of all schools and teachers from government regulation of content, and the establishing of an equality of school choice for all families regardless of wealth.Conclusion:Savage Inequalities is about the lack of resources to make the America dream come true for every child. The book is primarily an appeal for fairness in American public education. It is a work that appeals to the educated public and government to do something to ensure that the life of every young person in the United States be afforded dignity, respect, and the hope for worthwhile future. Kozol shows clearly in his book â€Å"Savage Inequalities† that this can be achieved only if we are first of all ready as a nation to provide an equitable education for all American youth. While the book does not offer any concrete solutions for solving the problems in education faced by poor black children in America, the book does has the power to make people think. As Somerset Maugham says in his novel â€Å"Razor’s edge†: â€Å"the effect may be no greater than the ripple caused by a stone thrown in a pond, but one ripple causes another† and Kozol’s work is presently just that; a self-expanding ripple.