Letter of motivation Essay Example for Free

Letter of motivation EssayLetter of motivation I am senior student of unmarried man of computer engineering at Sepahan institute of higher education and I want to continue my study in telecommunications engineering at the Politecnico di Milano in Italy. hither are my reasons for this choice.I always tried to do my best to follow and understand the evolving and growing line of technology which is going as fast as it can, so I chose Computer Engineering for my bachelor degree and every class was a groovy opportunity for me to learn something new and helpful barely for my master degree I wanted to go deeper in the field of omputer networks and telecommunications which is my passion and my goal is to learn more and more and to put my learnings and knowledge last in the field. ne of my favorite company that I want to be part of is Cisco which is the best network company out there. And my reasons for choosing Italy are that this give be a great and life changing opportunity for m e to visit another countries and bemuse familiar with other cultures and traditions and the important part is that Italy is a great developed and technological country which provides me with such a professional environment or me to grow my skills and be an expert in my field.The important part of perusal abroad is to choose the best university in a country. so I did a circularize of research about university rankings and the programs they offer and even asked a lot of the students who chose polimi for their destination. And with all that in mind and some other factors such as the faculty I chose polimi to continue my study in master. With all that and my knowledge of my ego and my education and skill background I know I can be a great candidate for admission. and I hope I could get everything possible to learn from this program.

Police Abuse Essay Example for Free

police force Abuse EssayAn incumbent who uses more than soldiers than policy allows is said to have used excessive force and may be guilty of police barbarism, the excessive and justnessless(prenominal) use of police force. patrol officers are often seen as a thin sober line of nourishion between wretcheds and law-abiding citizens, but when they use excessive force, they cross the line and become criminals. Police atrociousness damages the image of law enforcement as well as the justice system. It leads to loss of trust in the policemen, which then creates a gap between them and people in the community. According to the proto(prenominal) policing principles imported from 19th century England, it is the lack of centralized control which forms a corruption in America when opportunities of bribery were widespread. Police reforms from the 1930s to the 1950s seek to establish professionalism among police forces by introducing military-like command and higher performance s tandards. Not everyone agrees with this type of procedure when critics see the March 1991 tanning of Rodney King by officers of Los Angeles Police Department which used professional policing. From Rodney King beating in 1991 through the O.J. Simpson trial, the rift has widened the threatening racial discrimination.The reasons for the gap are complex and deep. According to the experts, it is establish on the nations painful racial history. The current practice of racial profiling, where skin color is a criterion to pull everywhere a driver is current today. For instance, when Reggie Miller, who is Black, had been ordered to pull over by a Nashville police officer for driving with expired tags, had suffered chronic back problems as a egress of the beating. It was about 840 p.m. when he was shot on his chest and ordered him to lie face down on the ground. Within couple of transactions the officer, who didnt have a chance to identify himself, called for backup. Suddenly Miller foun d himself as a cushion using his body from five police officers that had border him. Miller also recalls that the officers gouge his eyes and choke him. This 1992 incident of Miller made him suffer a permanent back problem due to the beating and the shot he encountered.Police officers have no right by anymeans to harass a person. Otherwise, they are more considered as criminal because of such stalee acts. In general, brutality is a form of punishment. Police officers are not supposed to punish but are expected to protect and serve. However, they seemed to expose brutality as punishment when they beat up Adolph Archie in March of 1992. Archie was shot by a police officer and the police officer did not even bother to rush him to the hospital. Instead, they waited in the parking lot until they found out that their injured colleague had died. Then the officers took Archie in the hospital magic spell beating him dead. Unfortunately, Archie unaccompanied breathe for 12 hours and was d iagnosed with two skull fractures, a broken larynx, fractures of the cheekbones, bleeding testicles, teeth had been kicked in, and his entire body was exposed to blunt trauma. Brutality is an inhuman or savage form of cruelty. Police officers need not use too much force to stop a suspect.Police brutality is an fundamental topic to discuss because it deals with the life of a person, the misconduct of some police officers, the burden it caused and the lesson that everyone should get from it. Police officers must realize they were not given their badge to show that they are ones to be afraid of but to keep the peace and order of the community. They have the right to discipline a suspect which will front on the physical condition of the latter. Police need not use the force if the suspect is already injured because it may only lead to a more tragic situation. In several cases, people died after being restrained by police officers. Police brutality does not cause anything positive. It only leads to racism, disrespect among people, loss of respect and confidence for the police and it makes citizens feel less safe. Not a single act did brutality explicit an advantage to the people.The assertable solution to police brutality is to include in their training new techniques in handling suspects and criminals geared towards the demand for public policies that promote social and racial justice. Furthermore, police officers should receive antiracism and diversity training as a part of their education in police academies. Police officers must learn to conduct themselves in multiethnic and multicultural communities. To fund thissolution, everyone must cooperate by respecting the police officers in our community and the law of United States of America. Without the cooperation of everyone, the prevailing widespread of police brutality will continue to grow.The people should give a serious thought of what they are doing in order to avoid force-out. Lets just think about the victims of violence and how thousands of people die every year because of brutality. Lets not make one of our families and our next generations become a victim of these humiliating, devastating and inhumane acts of the police. We, as a nation, need concerted effort in protest for all the victims whose lives have been stolen and sacrifice. The goal must be nothing short of creating a just, humane, peaceful and less violent society. If there is no justice, there will be no peace in the United States.The widespread of police brutality has widened all over the world. The nation must join together to eliminate repression, unjust and abusive treatment by the police in order to have a more peaceful and harmonious nation. To terminate police brutality means calling for justice for our brothers and sisters whose lives have been stolen. In addition, this will give time for the government to decipherable their eyes for the families of those who are unjustly locked down behind prison walls. It will allow balance of justice between the government officials and the people regardless of racial status. Our world would be a better place to live in because it lessens violence, death rate, and increases the confidence and harmony between the police and the community. Moreover, the absence of such brutality will terminate arrest and harassment based on racial origin.BibliographyActivists Protest Against Police Brutality in LA, MAS magazine, (August 16, 2000), 2 pages.Call for a study Day of Protest to Stop Police Brutality, Repression, and the Criminalization of a Generation, http//www.mojo.calyx.net/refuse/ndp/071400oct22.html,October 22, 2000.DNC Activists Protest Cop Brutality, MAS magazine, (August 16, 2000), 2 pages.NYPDs Bloody Month of August 1999, http//www.mojo.calyx.net/refuse/ndp/090699ndpnyc.html, phratry 6, 1999.Anderson, Kelly, Police Brutality, San Diego California, Kelly Anderson, 1995.Bender, David, Policing the Police, San Diego California, David Bender, 1995. Charles, Nick, Criminally Suspect, SIRS, (September 1995), 4 pages.Conroy, John, Unspeakable Act, Ordinary People, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.Fitzgerald, Terence, Police in Society, New York, Terence Fitzgerald, 2000.Meeks, Kenneth, Driving While Black, New York, Kenneth Meek, 2000.Nelson, Jill, Police Brutality, New York, Jill Nelson, 2000.Roleff, Tamara, Police Brutality, San Diego California, David Bender, 1999.Steinhorn, Leonard, By the Color of our Skin, New York, Leonard Steinhorn, 1999.

Accent Strength And Regional Accents

Accent Strength And Regional AccentsAt a rangey one night a visitant from an other(a) country remarks that You dont have so strong an mark as your friends. You had previously believed that you had no phrasal idiom and that you spoke comparable your friends, but the statement helps you to consider that you carry a regional accent, nevertheless like everyone else around you. What explanation could you offer your visitor for why you never realized that fact before and why you re solelyy do have an accent just like the one your friends have?What explanation could you offer your visitor for why you never realized that fact before?What explanation could you offer your visitor for why you really do have an accent just like the one your friends have?1) Why I never realised thata) I had no accent.b) My accent is non as strong as my friends.c) I have an accent just like one of my friends.WHY I NEVER realised THAT I HAD AN ACCENT.Most hoi polloi dont realize that they have an accent be cause they argon accustom to the pronunciation and rhythm of speech in their country. It sounds normal hearing other Trinidadian speak.Whenever I meet foreigners, it intrigues me to hear their accent and I try to figure reveal which country they argon from.Hearing a foreigners accent sounds hostile to me because it is not the norm in my placement of abode.Although most battalion have an accent they do not ack at presentledge this greatly.We live in a night club where mostly everyone speaks and sounds the same, with the exception of foreigners and those with speak difficulties.We always consider the main accent as normal and any other accent as funny or strange.I never realized this because I lived my entire in Trinidad and never travelled or lived abroad where my accent was not the popular.Hearing you speak to me makes me realize that the way I speakCUNNING LINGUISTICSEveryone has an accent.Some readers king think, No shit Thats obviousBut its not obvious, smart arse.A come o ff held in Britain in 2005 revealed that 7% of respondents dont believe they have an accent.I would claim that the actual figure is until now lots higher than that.Were all prisoners of our own culture. liveness within a society, were surrounded and bombarded by a majority accent.To us, that accent sounds natural and other accents sound assorted.Sometimes we confuse the familiar accent as being right, and the different ones as being wrong.It whitethorn sound silly, but I never realised I had an accent until I set behind in England at age 25.Having lived in Trinidad for my whole life, to me when Trinis spoke it sounded normal.But in England, as soon as I said something multitude would timber at me.The funny thing too is that I had to learn what my accent sounded like by listening to my other Trini friends, and still I didnt think they had an accent. so I realised I had to listen to intonations of how Trinidadians spoke.Some population change their accents to blend in. However, I think my accent got even thicker, as my way to taste on to my Caribbean identity, and I revelled in speaking Trinidadian Creole (which is a dialect that was formed by slaves mixing English with their own language, and includes unique lyric poem and sayings). People say Trinidadians accent sounds happy. To quote a previous boss, she said it sounded like a lilt.When I speak Standard English people run across it preferably vigorous. Like Paull says, it depends on how its delivered its the slang/ dialect that sens confuse people. Ive verbalize with Paull, and another Aussie and had no problems understanding them. Seems they understood me quite well alike, and our accents atomic number 18 quite different.Ask A Linguist FAQWhat is an accent?An accent is a way of pronouncing a language. It is in that respectfore impossible to speak without an accent.Some people may think they do not have an accent. Or you may think that there argon other people who do not have an accent. Everyo ne has an accent. The barrier accentless is sometimes used (by non-linguists) about people who speak one of the high prestige reference accents (such as General American or, less commonly, RP), which atomic number 18 associated with people from a fairly wide region and with people of high social class. But these ar in like manner accents. I entrust mention them again later on in this FAQ.MY ACCENT IS NOT AS STRONG AS MY FRIENDSCUNNING LINGUISTICSAccents dont just vary at the level of nationality (e.g., Aussie) or region (e.g., Boston). They also vary with the individual (e.g., you). Your accent is a fingerprint, a totally unique, distinctive way of talking (linguists call this an idiolect). It isnt fixed though. It can change, with the right combination of charm and interest.Recently, some twit asked me, Why dont you sound American yet? Okay, Ive been in the States for two and a half years now, and my accent now sounds a fine different to me. But, by contrast, this differenc e is generally imperceptible to Americans (and non-linguists). Your accent does leave a Hansel and Gretel-like trail of where youve been. Obviously, it takes awhile for a bleak accent to kick in. former(a) factors can influence this process too, whether you want to adopt an accent (convergence) or dont want to adopt it (divergence).Accents be like tracking devices that can reveal where youve been. The issue of Forensic Linguistics investigates this area. In August 2005, a militant video of an al-Qaeda fighter was found. A forensic linguist was able to determine several(prenominal) aspects of the fighters identity, that he had been raised in Australia and possibly had parents of Middle Eastern descent. This area is useful in legal cases, especially for identification, transcription and in authenticating recordings.Accent (linguistics) prestigiousnessCertain accents are perceived to carry much prestige in a society than other accents. This is a lot due to their association with t he elite part of society. For example in the United Kingdom, Received Pronunciation of the English language is associated with the traditional upper class.I HAVE AN ACCENT JUST LIKE cardinal OF MY FRIENDSCUNNING LINGUISTICSAnother twit drives around with a bumper sticker on his SUV proclaiming Welcome to America. Nowspeak English or get out What a funny fuck This pseudo-patriotic, prejudiced twit has no control over who speaks what and where. This is a dynamic process that he can only witness. American English may be the fastest growing version of Englishbut watering placenish is the fastest growing language in AmericaSo, accents can reveal our regional origins, but they can also suggest what kind of social circles we move in. Compare the Queen of Englands accent to that of a miner in Yorkshire. Accent can also provide info about your economic background and education. Stop practicing your accentI can hear you right nowAccent (linguistics)As human beings spread out into isolated c ommunities, stresses and peculiarities develop. Over time these can develop into acknowledgeable accents. In North America, the interaction of people from many ethnic backgrounds contributed to the formation of the different varieties of North American accents. It is difficult to measure or predict how long it takes an accent to formulate. Accents in the USA, Canada and Australia, for example, developed from the combinations of different accents and languages in various societies, and the effect of this on the various pronunciations of the British settlers, yet North American accents remain more distant, either as a pass on of time or of external or foreign linguistic interaction, such as the Italian accent.In many cases, the accents of non-English settlers from Great Britain and Ireland affected the accents of the different colonies quite differently. Irish, Scottish and Welsh immigrants had accents which greatly affected the vowel pronunciation of certain areas of Australia and Canada societal factorsWhen a group defines a standard pronunciation, speakers who deviate from it are often said to speak with an accent. People from the United States would speak with an accent from the point of view of an Australian, and vice versa. Accents such as BBC English or General American may sometimes be erroneously designated in their countries of origin as accentless to indicate that they offer no obvious clue to the speakers regional background.Groups sharing an identifiable accent may be defined by any of a wide variety of common traits. An accent may be associated with the region in which its speakers reside (a geographical accent), the socio-economic status of its speakers, their ethnicity, their caste or social class, their commencement ceremony language (when the language in which the accent is heard is not their native language), and so on.Regional accents of EnglishLocal accents are part of local dialects. Any dialect of English has unique features in pronunci ation, vocabulary, and grammar. The term accent describes only the number 1 of these, namely, pronunciation. See also List of dialects of the English language.Non-native speakers of English go to carry over the intonation and phonemic inventory from their mother tongue into their English speech. For more details see Non-native pronunciations of English.Among native English speakers, many different accents exist. Some regional accents are easily identified by certain characteristics. Further variations are to be found within the regions identified below for example, towns located less than 10 miles (16 km) from the city of Manchester such as Bolton, Oldham and Salford, each have distinct accents, all of which form the Lancashire accent, yet in extreme cases are different enough to be noticed even by a non-local listener. There is also much room for misunderstanding between people from different regions, as the way one word is pronounced in one accent (for example, petal in American English) will sound like a different word in another accent (for example, pearl in Scottish English).Your accent results from how, where, and when you larn the language you are speaking and it gives impressions about you to other people. People do not have a unity fixed accent which is determined by their experiences. We can control the way we speak, and do, both consciously and unconsciously. Most people vary their accent depending on who they are speaking with. We change our accents, often without noticing, as we have new life experiences.How accurate people are in knowing about you from your accent depends not only on the features of your accent, but also on who the listener is, and what they know about the other people who speak with a similar accent to you.Your accent might be one that is associated with people from a particular place (for example, with being from new-fangled York, London, or Delhi). Some people might just hear you as simply being from the US, England, or In dia. Your accent might give the impression that you spoke some other language before the one you are speaking at the moment (you might speak French with an English accent, or English with a Korean accent). Its impossible to speak without conveying some information through your accent.All languages are spoken with several different accents. There is nothing unusual about English. And not everyone who comes from the same place speaks the same in any place there is a variety of accents.Language changes over time. We get new words, there are grammatical changes, and accents change over time. If you listen to recordings made by people from your own language community 100 years ago, you will hear for yourself that even over that time accents have changed. Try out some of the think from the Spoken Word Archive Group , for example.Why do languages develop different accents?Human nature. In all sorts of ways, we behave like those we mix with. We are members of social groups, and within our social group we like to behave in similar ways and show that we belong. We do this in language as well as in other ways (e.g. what we wear, what we eat).When groups become distinct, the way they speak becomes distinct too. This happens socially and geographically, but is easiest to illustrate by geographical differences. If a single group splits into two (imagine that one half goes to Island A and one half to Island B), then once they have separated, their accents will change over time, but not in the same way, so that after just one generation the accent of Island A will be different from the accent of Island B. If they stay completely separated for centuries, their dialects may become so different that we will start wanting to say they are speaking two different languages.Why are the accents a particular place like they are?Separate development accounts for some accent variation. But sometimes we need to talk about the outset generation of speakers of a particular language broug ht up in a new place. The first children to grow up in a new place are very important. The children who grow up together are a peer group. They want to speak the same as each other to record their group identity. The accent they develop as they go through their childhood will become the basis for the accents of the new place. So where does their accent come from?The first generation of children will draw on the accents of the adults around them, and will create something new. If people move to a new place in groups (as English speakers did to America, Australia and New Zealand) that group usually brings several different accents with them. The children will draw on the mixture of accents they hear and create their own accent out of what they hear. The modern accents of Australia are more similar to London accents of English than to any other accent from England this is probably because the founder generation (in the eighteenth century) had a large component careworn from the poor of London, who were transported to Australia as convicts. The accents of New Zealand are similar to Australian accents because a large proportion of the early English-speaking settlers of New Zealand came from Australia.The mix found in the speech of the settlers of a new place establishes the kind of accent that their children will develop. But the first generation born in the new place will not keep the diversity of their parents generation they will speak with similar accents to the others of their age group. And if the population grows slowly enough, the children will be able to absorb ulterior children into their group, so that even quite large migrations of other groups (such as Irish people into Australia) will not make much difference to the accent of the new place. Most parents know this. If someone from New York (US) marries someone from Glasgow (Scotland, UK), and these two parents raise a child in Leeds (England, UK), that child will not speak like either of the paren ts, but will speak like the children he (I know of such a child) is at school with.About AccentsBy Shiromi Nassreen, eHow contributorWhen we hear a voice, one of the first things we might notice is a persons accent, particularly if that accent happens to be different from our own. If we cant see the person, we may even come to conclusions based on the accent. Accents can give us perceptions about a person that are not always accurate, such as how happy the person is or how much money he makes.What is an Accent?1. An accent is the way in which a person pronounces a word in a language. Accents are caused by a number of factors, primarily the region that someone is from, where he learned to speak the language and his social background. However, despite that fact that accents tend to give away information regarding a persons background, accents can be changed. In fact, people will often unknowingly change their accents to fit their current localisation and social group. Some believe that they dont have an accent because it is a more commonly known accent such as the General American accent or the British Received Pronunciation typically seen on television however, it is still an accent.The Origin of Accents2. Accents develop and change naturally over time. However, a primary winding cause for the changing of an accent is when groups of people migrate to new locations. People will usually speak with the same accent as their peers. This helps to create a group identity. When groups migrate, such as the settlers of North America, they find themselves among a group where a variety of languages and accents is being spoken. The children of that group will draw on the accents spoken around them and develop a new accent.Accents and Development3. Accents are often developed during childhood. Generally, children often find it easier to pick up accents. If a child whose parents are from England moves to Australia, the child is unlikely to speak with an English accent, sp eaking instead with the accent of the childs peers. However, should the child as an adult later wish to change her accent, that is also possible.Accents and Social Factors4. Accents can not only indicate a region that a person is from but also that persons social background. Often certain accents are stereotypically associated with a certain class. British Received Pronunciation is usually associated with the upper class and a well-educated person. According to a study at Bath Spa University, the Brummie accent of Birmingham is thought to be the least intelligent of all the British regional accents studied. However, a person unfamiliar with these stereotypesan American, for examplewould not have the same perceptions of the accent.

The Anxiety Of Death In The Elderly Sociology Essay

The Anxiety Of termination In The Elderly Sociology EssayThe look for below is on the termination c ar of the venerable souls who are freelance and those who are dependent on an other(prenominal)s in action. Anxiety of goal is defined by the British National Health Service as a tincture of apprehension, or collar that an somebody encounters when thinking of the process dying. On the introduction part of the essay, there is a brief discussion of last trouble in the hunting lodge. The literature review of the essay has tackled two major aspects of death fretfulness. The first aspect is the general discussion of death anxiety among the gray persons. Many commonwealth in the society piss a perception that at out of date time tidy sum tend to have anxiety of death as compared to the youngsters, which much psychological scholars oppose. The second aspect includes the two main variables that affect the level of death anxiety in white-haired get along. These variab les include being independent in life, and being dependent on others in life. It has been argued that hoary persons who are dependent on others have high levels of death anxiety as compared to the individuals who are independent. The essay was based on the methodology and findings of a study conducted by Dr.Bharat H.Mimrot on A Comparative study of expiry Anxiety of Old Persons in the class 2011. The sample size was 200 respondents who were randomly selected. The respondents were residents of Aurangabad city, and were selected from those living in institutions and those living with their families.IntroductionAnxiety of death is considered as an abnormal or relentless(prenominal) worship in an individuals mind of death. Anxiety of death is defined by the British National Health Service as a feeling of apprehension, or dread that an individual encounters when thinking of the process dying (DePaola, Griffin, Young, Neimeyer, 2003). In the field of psychology, anxiety of death is c onsidered as a psychological problem that is affected by a number of variables. Among the variables that affect anxiety of death, include the environment that one lives in, the age of an individual, the self-importance integrity, the religious faith of an individual, the personal sense that an individual has for self-worth. In studying death anxiety of an individual, majority of studies have indicated that the difficult part is the measuring of the anxiety an individual has in relation to other variables (Cicirelli, 2006). The below essay seeks to get across the anxiety of death of the elderly individuals who are independent and those who are dependent on other people. For instance, the essay focuses on the age and the environment in which the individual lives as the main variables for the anxiety of death. Majority of studies have indicated that as people age, regardless of them being independent or dependent on others, they become less anxious about death. The essay will be dec lareed by a study conducted by Dr.Bharat H.Mimrot on A Comparative study of Death Anxiety of Old Persons in the year 2011. This article has been extracted from the Indian Streams Research Journal.Literature ReviewAnxiety of death in one-time(a) ageIn the current society, the anxiety of death among individuals is a rampant psychological issue, especially the young generation that should not be ignored. Many people in the society have a perception that at honest-to-goodness age people tend to have anxiety of death as compared to the youngsters, which many psychological scholars oppose. When traffic with anxiety of death in gaga age, it is very important for one to understand old age in general (Banck, 1976). Generally, old age is considered to be consisting of ages that are nearing the average life span which human beings are expected to live.Majority of psychological studies on issues that affect individual at old age referred old age as a late adulthood typify that tend to beg in at 60s and lasts until death. In her definition of death anxiety, a historied psychologist Janet Belsky, considered death anxiety as the emotions, fears, as well as thoughts about the final event of life that an individual may experience under more normal conditions of life. In old age, people must deal with the possibility of their own death as well as the death of loved ones (Chernick, 1990). Death may also be looked into in terms of statistics, which supply us with significant figures and facts. Even though death most commonly occurs in later on years, it may happen at any stage in life.As a common phenomenon in the current society, majority of people are alarmed of dying, especially the elderly who know that lifetime in world is ending. For instance, many perceive that death is always near when one is in old age therefore, their perceptions make them believe that anxiety of death is a common condition for the elderly persons in the society as compared to the youngsters (Dev er, 1998). On the contrary, most studies are against this event perception in the sense that any person can be anxious of death due to the living conditions. According to a psychological surmise done by Erickson, it is indicated that in the later stages of life, individuals experience what is known as ego integrity. In his theory, developmental psychologist Erickson pointed out that this item theory explained that as people grow older in life, they go through a series of crises in life. The psychologist argued in his theory that a person tends to engage in life review when they reach the old age (Epstein, 1979).Ego entry according to Erik Erickson is a state when an individual comes to term with his or her life and accepts it. On the other hand, when a person reviews his or her life in old age as a series of busted events and opportunities, then such individuals never reach the stage of ego integrity. This is when one becomes anxious of death at old age, whether they are depend ent on other people, or whether they are independent in life. The elderly people who find life worth stick around living tend to have less anxiety on death. In Erickson theory of psychology concerning anxiety of death, elderly individuals tend to have less anxiety of death when they reach the ego integrity level because, when they look back on their lives, they find meaningfulness in their lives, hence have a purpose to continue living (Langs, 1997).It is with no doubt that anxiety of death is minimal to individuals who are elderly because majority of studies advocate the psychological theory done by developmental psychologist Erik Erickson. In a certain(a) study, the Templer Death Anxiety scale was used to measure the level of death anxiety among individuals from 16 years to 83 years. N the study, it was found that the individuals who were 60 years and above had lower scores of death anxiety while the younger individuals had higher levels of death anxiety. This occurrence study was proved that the psychological theory of Erickson was true (Rheingold, 1967).Another study still indicated that anxiety of death is minimal during old age. In the research study, it was found that anxiety of death normally begins to be prevalent in ones life during their years of young adulthood. This is during the ages of 20 years to 40 years. During the next age phase, anxiety of death reaches its peak. This is between the ages of 40 to 64 years. At old age, that is 65 years and above, it was indicated that the anxiety of death tends to lower. Form the findings of this fact study it is clear that the psychological theory done by Erickson is supported. This particular study tends to contradict with the expectations that people have towards anxiety of death at old age. As indicated in the preceding(prenominal) text of the essay, many individuals in the society think that old people are always anxious about death due to the process of aging (Neimeyer, 1994).Anxiety of death i n the elderly who are dependent on others and those who are independent in lifeAs discussed above, death anxiety tends to lower when individuals become elderly. Though it lowers as one ages, there are two main variables that may affect anxiety at old age. The two variables include whether the elderly person is dependent on other people in life, or whether the individual is independent in life. beingness dependent on other people may entail receiving life support such as food, laundry activities, medication, house cleaning, and many other important activities that are crucial in life. On the other hand, when one is independent in life, it means that the individual supports him or herself in carrying out the crucial activities of life such as softening for their own bills, buying for himself or herself food, taking themselves to entertainment joints and many others (McCarthy, 1990).For instance, majority of studies have indicated that elderly individuals who are dependent on other i ndividuals in life tend to have higher levels of death anxiety as compared to their counterparts who are independent in life. This is because the elderly who are dependent on others tend to review their lives and find no meaning in living. They tend to reach this point especially when they feel that they are a burden to those who pay their bills, buy them food, as well as looking after them. They find no worth in continue living because they do not pass on any value to the society they live in but rather consume that available resources without replacement. They have a perception that when they die, the people they depend on would be free at last (Lonetto Templer, 1986).On the other hand, elderly individuals who are independent in life tend to have lower levels of death anxiety. As it is stated in Ericksons psychological theory, as individuals reach their old age, they tend to sit back and make a review of their lives. When they reach the ego integrity level, they tend to find mea ningfulness in their lives hence they find it worth continue living. This is because of the achievements they may have made in their entire lives. Therefore, they feel that they should continue living in order to enjoy whatever they achieved in their entire lives. This is unlike the elderly individuals who feel that they failed in life after they review their lives. For instance, elderly individuals who are independent in their lives tend to find the meaningfulness in living after they review their lives. This is because when they review their lives they find that they have achieved so much in life that they should continue living to enjoy their prosperity (Mahabeer, 1980).They find no problem with them continuing living because they pay their own bill, look after themselves, as well as buy themselves food and many others. As opposed to their dependent counterparts, the elderly independent individuals fail to have the feeling of being a burden to other people in the society because they do not depend on them for survival hence they find it worth living. It is therefore evident that elderly individuals who are independent in life have lower levels of death anxiety as compared to those who are dependent on others in life. This is so since it is supported by a majority of studies conducted on anxiety of death in the elderly persons (Langs, 1997).Methodology of the studyThe study was specifically for the old person living at Aurangabad city. The study included institution sector units as well as family sector units. The hypotheses formulated for the purposes of the study were to be tested by collecting relevant data from the participants who took part in the study. One of the hypotheses tested by the study that is relevant to this particular essay is that the elderly individuals who live in institutions tend to experience more anxiety of death as compared to those who live in the family. The study included both the females and the males it did not sideline partici pants from a certain gender (Mimrot, 2011).The sample for the study included 200 old persons. These 200 old persons belong to both the sexes to various families and institutions, of Aurangabad city. Of the 200 people, 50 were male who lived with family, and 50 females who lived with family, as well as 50 males who lived in institutions and 50 females who lived with family. The sample for the study was selected by the use of random sampling technique.In addition to the pick of the sample for the study, the tool used for the methodology was Death Anxiety Scale. The scale was made up of 10 units and was constructed and developed by Upinder Dhar, Savita Mehta, as well as Santosh Dhar. The split-half reliability coefficient was = 0.87. The scale reliability was determined by calculating split-half reliability coefficient, corrected for full length, on a sample of 200 subjects (25-55 years) Besides looking validity, as all items of the scale are concerned with the variables under focus , the scale has high content validity. The reliability index was calculated by the reaserchers for purposes of establishing validity from the coefficient of reliability Norms for the scale were available on a sample of subjects belonging to the age range of 25-55 years (Mimrot, 2011).The data analysis for the study was carried out with the help of descriptive statistics including Means, Standard Deviation, and multiple univariate 2 x 2 ANOVA for Death Anxiety.DiscussionThere are significant differences between mean scores of old people living in the family and institutionalized old people on death anxiety. (F = 11.875, df1 = 1, df2 =196 PBased on the analyses that were interpreted in the study, there was a major difference between old age people living in family and old age institutionalized people in terms of their anxiety of death. Based on the mean value interpreted from the study, the elderly people living in the family have high death anxiety (6.00) than institutionalized old p eople (5.44). this is an indication that those living with their families are highly dependent on their family members as compared to those living in institutions since they have no family member to depend on. This particular interpretation of data from the study failed to support the hypothesis that old age people living in the institution would experience more death anxiety than old age people living in the family (Madnawat Singh, 2007).The hypothesis was therefore rejected for the study. In connection with the above-mentioned findings, some of the psychological scholars found the age process is associated with a number of factors like economic independence, health status, their role expectation in the family and status accorded to the elders in the family.From the results of the study conducted by Dr.Bharat H.Mimrot, it is clear that elderly individuals who are dependent on others have higher levels of anxiety of death as compared to the elderly individuals who are independent (Ens Bond, 2005). In this particular case, the independent old people were represented by individuals who were living in institutions whereas dependent elderly persons on others in life were represented by those who were living with their families.In support of Erickson psychological theory that states that the death anxiety of an elderly person tends to lower down suppose the individual reaches the ego integrity level. As discussed in the previous paragraphs, such a level is usually reached when an individual takes a full review of his or her life and finds that it is worth living. For instance, the elderly persons living with their families in this particular study were found to be having a higher level of anxiety of death as compared to their counterparts since they failed to find the marrow squash in continuing living. The fact that they fail to have the urge of continuing living is due to them relying on their families for their upkeep. The individuals feel that at their age they are supposed to have made enough in their entire lives that would support them during their old age instead of being a burden to their family members (Epstein, 1979).On the other hand, the results of the study indicated that the elderly individuals who live in institutions have a lower anxiety of death. This is according to their ego integrity level. These particular individuals find the sense of continuing to live after they review their entire lives. In the institutions where these elderly persons live, they do not rely on others for their upkeep but rather pay for the services that are offered to them, which is unlike the individuals who live with their families. They find the essence of continuing living because they feel that they are not a burden to any individual and that they achieved much in their entire lives that is worth continuing living. This particular discussion is supported by the psychological theory of Erik Erickson (Mimrot, 2011).ConclusionIn conclusion, anx iety of death not only affects the elderly persons, as many in the society perceive, but can also affect children and the young adults. Among the variables that affect anxiety of death in ones life, age seems to be the principle variable. The elderly persons are less anxious of death while the youngsters are highly anxious of death. As discussed in above essay, it is clear that the elderly who are dependent on other people in life have a higher level of death anxiety as compared to those who are independent in life.

System to Filter Unwanted Messages from OSN User Walls

System to Filter Unwanted Messages from OSN User WallsM.Renuga Devi, G.Seetha lakshmi, M.SarmilaAbstractOne fundamental issue in todays Online Social Networks (OSNs) is to communicate substance abusers the ability to control the messages posted on their own private space to avoid that unwanted issue is displayed. Up to now, OSNs provide little support to this requirement. To reside the gap, in this paper, we propose a system allowing OSN users to pull in a direct control on the messages posted on their walls. This is achieved by call ups of a flexible hulk-based system, that allows users to sew the penetrateing criteria to be employ to their walls, and a Machine acquirement-based soft classifier automatically labeling messages in support of content-based filtering.1. INTRODUCTIONONLINE Social Networks (OSNs) be today one(a) of the most popular interactive medium to communicate, share, and disseminate a considerable amount of human life information. Daily and continuous communications imply the exchange of several types of content, including part with schoolbook,image, audio, and video data. According to Facebookstatistics1 average user creates 90 pieces of content each month, whereas more than 30 billion pieces of content (web links, news, stories, blog posts, notes, photo albums, etc.) are everyplacelap each month. OSNs there is the possibility of posting or commenting other posts on particular public/private areas, called in general walls.Face book allows users to bring up who is allowed to insert messages in their walls (i.e., fellows, friends of friends, or defined groups of friends). The aim of the present work is therefore to propose and experimentally evaluate an automated system, called Filtered Wall (FW), able to filter unwanted messages from OSN user walls. We exploit Machine Learning (ML) school text categorization techniques. The major efforts in building a gamey ill-considered text classifier (STC) are concentrated in the ex traction and selection of a set of characterizing and discriminant features.We base the everyplaceall short text categorization strategy on Radial land Function Networks (RBFN) for their proven capabilities in acting as soft classifiers, in managing noisy data and intrinsically vague classes. We insert the neural ensample indoors a hierarchal two level classification strategy. In the seed level, the RBFN categorizes short messages as Neutral and Non-neutral in the second stage, Non-neutral messages are classified producing sluggish estimates of appropriateness to each of the considered category. The system provides a powerful rule layer exploiting a flexible language to specify Filtering Rules (FRs). In addition, the system provides the support for user-defined vitriolic Lists (BLs), that is, lists of users that are temporarily prevented to post any kind of messages on a user wall.2. RELATED WORKThe main contribution of this paper is the design of a system providing custom izable content-based message filtering for OSNs, based on ML techniques. As we have pointed out in the introduction, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first proposing such kind of screening for OSNs. However, our work has relationships both with the state of the art in content-based filtering, as well as with the field of policy-based personalization for OSNs and, more in general, web contents.2.1 Content-Based FilteringInformation filtering systems are designed to classify a stream of dynamically generated information dispatched asynchronously by an information producer and present to the user those information that are likely to satisfy his/her requirements.In content-based filtering, each user is assumed to operate independently. As a result, a content-based filtering system selects information items based on the correlation between the content of the items and the user preferences as opposed to a collaborative filtering system that carrys items based on the correlation between people with similar preferences. archives processed in content-based filtering are broadly speaking textual in nature and this makes content-based filtering close to text classification. Single label, binary classification, partitioning incoming documents into relevant and non-relevant categories. More complex filtering systems include multi label text categorization automatically labeling messages into partialthematic categories. Content-based filtering is mainly based on the use of the ML paradigm according to which a classifier is automatically induced by learning from a set of pre-classified examples. Several experiments prove that Bag-of-Words (BoW) approaches yield good performance and prevail in general over more sophisticated text mold that may have superior semantics but lower statistical quality. The application of content-based filtering on messages posted on OSN user walls poses additional challenges attached the short length of these messages other than the wide range of topics that can be discussed.3. FILTERED WALL ARCHITECTUREThe architecture in support of OSN services is a 3-tier structure (Fig. 1). The first layer, called Social Network Manager (SNM), comm lone(prenominal) aims to provide the basic OSN unravelalities (i.e., profile and relationship management), whereas the second layer provides the support for external Social Network Applications (SNAs).The back up SNAs may in turn require an additional layer for their neededGraphical User Interfaces (GUIs).The core components of the proposed system are the Content-Based Messages Filtering (CBMF) and the Short Text Classifier modules. The last mentioned component aims to classify messages according to a set of categories. In contrast, the first component exploits the message categorization provided by the STC module to impose the FRs condition by the user.The possible final publication can be summarized as follows1. After entering the private wall of one of his/her contacts, the user tries to post a message, which is intercepted by FW.2. A ML-based text classifier extracts metadata from the content of the message.3. FW uses metadata provided by the classifier, together with data extracted from the social graph and users profiles, to enforce the filtering and BL rules.4. Depending on the result of the previous step, the message forget be published or filtered by FW.4. SHORT TEXT CLASSIFIEREstablished techniques used for text classification work well on data sets with large documents such as newswires corpora but suffer when the documents in the corpus are short. In this context, little aspects are the exposition of a set of characterizing and discriminant features allowing the representation of primal concepts and the collection of a complete and invariable set of supervised examples.We approach the task by defining a hierarchical two-level strategy assuming that it is punter to identify and eliminate neutral sentences, and then classify non-neutra l sentences. The first-level task is conceived as a hard classification in which short texts are labeled with offbeat Neutral and Non-neutral labels. The second-level soft classifier acts on the crisp set of non-neutral short texts.4.1 Text RepresentationThe extraction of an appropriate set of features by which representing the text of a given document is a crucial task strongly affecting the performance of the overall classification strategy. We consider three types of features, BoW, Document properties (Dp) and Contextual Features (CF). Text representation using endogenous knowledge has a good general applicability however, in operational settings, it is legitimate to use in any case exogenous knowledge, i.e., any source of information outside the message body but directly or indirectly related to the message itself. We introduce CF modeling information that characterizes the surround where the user is posting.These features play a key role in deterministically understanding the semantics of the messages. In the BoW representation, terms are identified with words. Dp features are heuristically assessed their definition stems from intuitive considerations, humanity specific criteria and in some cases required trial-and-error procedures.Bad words They are computed similarly to the correct words feature, where the set K is a collection of dirty words for the domain language.Correct words It expresses the amount of terms tk 2 T K, where tk is a term of the considered document dj and K is a set of known words for the domain language.Capital words It expresses the amount of words mostly written with capital letters, calculated as the percentage of words at bottom the message, having more than half of the characters in capital case.Punctuations characters It is calculated as the percentage of the punctuation characters over the total number of characters in the message. For example, the think of of the feature for the document Hello Howre u doing? is 5/24.Excl amation marks It is calculated as the percentage of exclamation marks over the total number of punctuation characters in the message. Referring to the aforementioned document, the value is 3/5.Question marks It is calculated as the percentage of question marks over the total number of punctuations characters in the message. Referring to the aforementioned document, the value is 1/5.4.2 Machine Learning-Based motleyWe address short text categorization as a hierarchical two level classification process. The first-level classifier performs a binary hard categorization that labels messages as Neutral and Non-neutral. The first-level filtering task facilitates the subsequent second-level task in which a finer-grainedClassification is performed. The second-level classifier performs a soft-partition of Non-neutral messages assigning a given message a gradual membership to each of the non-neutral classes. Among the variety of multiclass ML models well suited for text classification, we cho ose the RBFN model for the experimented competitive behavior with respect to other state-of-the-art classifiers.RFBNs have a single hidden layer of processing units with local, restricted activation domain a Gaussian function is commonly used, but any other locally tunable function can be used. RBFN main advantages are that classification function is nonlinear, the model may produce confidence values and it may be robust to outliers drawbacks are the potential sensitivity to input parameters, and potential overtraining sensitivity. The first-level classifier is then merged as a regular RBFN. In the second level of the classification stage, we introduce a modification of the standard use of RBFN.The collection of pre-classified messages presents some critical aspects greatly affecting the performance of the overall classification strategy. To work well, a ML-based classifier needs to be trained with a set of sufficiently complete and consistent pre-classified data. The difficulty of satisfying this constraint is essentially related to the subjective character of the interpretation process with which an expert decides whether to classify a document under a given category.A quantitative evaluation of the agreement among experts is then developed to make transparent the level of inconsistency under which the classification process has construe place.5. FILTERING RULES AND BLACKLIST MANAGEMENTIn this section, we introduce the rule layer adopted for filtering unwanted messages. We start by describing FRs, and then we illustrate the use of BLs. In what follows, we model a social network as a directed graph, where each node corresponds to a network user and edges denote relationships between two disparate users. In particular, each edge is labeled by the type of the established relationship (e.g., friend of, colleague of, parent of) and, possibly, the corresponding trust level, which represents how much a given user considers trustworthy with respect to that specif ic kind of relationship the user with whom he/ she is establishing the relationship.5.1 Filtering RulesIn defining the language for FRs specification, we consider three main issues that, in our opinion, should affect a message filtering decision. First of all, in OSNs like in everyday life, the same message may have different meanings and relevance based on who writes it. As a consequence, FRs should allow users to state constraints on message creators. Given the social networkScenario, creators may also be identified by exploiting information on their social graph.Definition 1 (Creator specification)A creator specification creator Spec implicitly denotes a set of OSN users. It can have one of the following forms, possibly combined.Definition2 (Filtering rule) A filtering rule FR is a tuple (author, creator Spec, content Spec, action), where author is the user who specifies the rule creator Spec is a creator specification, specified according toDefinition 1Content Spec is a Boolea n expression defined on content constraints of the form C ml, where C is a class of the first or second level and ml is the minimum membership level threshold required for class C to make the constraint satisfiedaction 2fblock notifying denotes the action to be performed by the system on the messages matching content Spec and created by users identified by creator Spec. In general, more than a filtering rule can apply to the same user.A message is therefore published only if it is not blocked by any of the filtering rules that apply to the message creator. Note moreover, that it may happen that a user profile does not contain a value for the attribute(s) referred by a FR (e.g., the profile does not specify a value for the attribute Hometown whereas the FR blocks all the messages authored by users coming from a specific city).5.2 Online Setup Assistant for FRs ThresholdsAs mentioned in the previous section, we address the problem of setting thresholds to filter rules, by conceiving a nd implementing within FW, an Online Setup Assistant procedure.5.3 BlacklistsA further component of our system is a BL mechanism to avoid messages from undesired creators, independent from their contents. BLs are directly managed by the system, which should be able to determine who are the users to be inserted in the BL and decide when users retention in the BL is finished. To enhance flexibility, such information are given to the system through a set of rules, hereafter called BL rules. Such rules are not defined by the SNMP therefore, they are not meant as general high-level directives to be applied to the whole community.Similar to FRs, our BL rules make the wall owner able to identify users to be blocked according to their profiles as well as their relationships in the OSN. Therefore, by means of a BL rule, wall owners are, for example, able to ban from their walls users they do not directly know (i.e., with which they have only indirect relationships), or users that are friend of a given person as they may have a bad opinion of this person.6. EVALUATIONIn this section, we illustrate the performance evaluation news report we have carried out the classification and filtering modules. We start by describing the data set.6.1 Problem and Data Set DescriptionThe analysis of related work has highlighted the lack of an publicly available benchmark for comparing different approaches to content-based classification of OSN short texts.6.2 Short Text Classifier Evaluation6.2.1 Evaluation MetricsTwo different types of measures will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of first-level and second-level classifications.In the first level, the short text classification procedure is evaluated on the basis of the contingency table approach. In particular, the derived well-known(a) Overall Accuracy (OA) index capturing the simple percent agreement between truth and classification results, is complemented with theCohens KAPPA (K) coefficient thought to be a more robust meas ure taking into account the agreement occurring by chance .At second level, we adopt measures widely accepted in the Information Retrieval and Document Analysis field, that is, precision (P), that permits to evaluate the number of false positives, Recall (R), that permits to evaluate the number of false negatives, and the overall metric F-Measure(F_), defined as the harmonic mean between the above two indexes.6.2.2 Numerical ResultsBy trial and error, we found a quite good parameter configuration for the RBFN learning model. The best value for the M parameter, that determines the number of Basis Function, is heuristically addressed to N=2, where N is the number of input patterns from the data set.6.2.3 Comparison AnalysisThe lack of benchmarks for OSN short text classification makes problematic the development of a reliable comparative analysis. However, an indirect comparison of our method can be done with work that show similarities or complemental aspects with our solution.6.3 Overall Performance and DiscussionIn order to provide an overall assessment of how effectively the system applies a FR. This table allows us to estimate the Precision and Recall of our FRs, Let us suppose that the system applies a given rule on a certain message. In contrast, Recall has to be interpreted as the probability that, given a rule that must be applied over a certain message, the rule is really enforced.Results achieved by the content-based specification component, on the first-level classification, can be considered good enough and reasonably aligned with those obtained by well-known information filtering techniques.7. DICOMFwDicomFW is a prototype Face book application8 that emulates a personal wall where the user can apply a simple combination of the proposed FRs. Throughout the development of the prototype, we have focused our attention only on the FRs, leaving BL implementation as a future improvement. However, the implemented functionality is critical, since it permi ts the STC and CBMF components to interact.To summarize, our application permits to1. View the list of users FWs2. View messages and post a new one on a FW3. Define FRs using the OSA tool.When a user tries to post a message on a wall, he/ she receive an alerting message if it is blocked by FW.8 CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, we have presented a system to filter undesired messages from OSN walls. The system exploits a ML soft classifier to enforce customizable content-dependent FRs.Fig. 3. DicomFW A message filtered by the walls owner FRsWe plan to study strategies and techniques limiting the inferences that a user can do on the enforced filtering rules with the aim of bypassing the filtering system, such as for instance randomly notifying a message that should instead be blocked, or detecting modifications to profile attributes that have been made for the only purpose of defeating the filtering system.REFERENCES1 A. Adomavicius and G. Tuzhilin, Toward the Next Generation of Recommender S ystems A Survey of the State-of-the-Art and Possible Extensions, IEEE Trans. Knowledge and Data Eng., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 734-749, June 2005.2 M. Chua and H. Chen, A Machine Learning Approach to Web Page Filtering Using Content and Structure Analysis, Decision Support Systems, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 482-494, 2008.

Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

Lord of fliesEssayIn the &8220Lord of Flies William Golding does tell us a story about a group of English boys stranded on a Pacific Island, in the literal level only when in a more allegorical level he tells a story about corruption of innocence, brutality/savagery and victimisation/prejudice by the characters of Ralph, Jack, Piggy and Simon. evoke stylistic features such as symbolism and omnipotent narrator make this story more than just a simple story.Ralph can be seen as a fair head boy, tall, well built and the major character of the novel. In a deeper sense Ralph represents Law, order and authority but not in a tyrannic way, he also represents democracy and justice. It is also through his eyes we see loss of innocence.&8220&8230Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man&8217s flavor&8230In the above quote Ralph cries after piggy is killed.Jack can be seen as a cruel, ugly, skinny, and the leader of choir at first thence the leader of hunters. In a deeper sens e Jack represents dictatorship and a primitive hunter. His leadership depends on in the ability to threaten and frighten those down the stairs him. His victory over piggy represents the triumph of violence over intellect, his knife represents death and destruction. It is through jack we see Brutality and savagery. Piggy is a normal obese young boy with brains, but in more he can be seen as a boy with civilised and scientific mind. His scientific mind can be seen when he talks about the beast&8220 I know there isn&8217t not beast- not with claws and all that&8230It is through Piggy we see victimisation/prejudice.&8220Shut up fatty(Jack)&8220 You let me speak I got the conch&8230In the above quote we see piggy being the victim because of his low class.Simon is a sensitive, epileptic and religious boy who is wiling to work and is brave in the face of physical danger. He is right about &8220beast but is wrong in underestimating the power of this evil. He discovers in the conversation with lord of flies the even he contains the evil within and it cannot be destroyed physically. Simon the enshrine was the only hope for the new society but unfortunately he is mistaken for the beast and killed by the savages including Piggy and Ralph.&8216What I mean is... Maybe it&8217s only us.&8217In this quote Simon shows us his common sense and reasoning.

Sexual Abuse and Young Children Essay -- Child Abuse Essays

As reported in Child Maltreatment 2013, away of the estimated 905,000 victims of child abuse and leave off reported in the United States in 2013, 8.8% were victims of cozy abuse. 1 This means that in that year over 79,600 children were informally mistreat in the United States. thither is general agreement among mental health and child protection professionals that child sexual abuse is not uncommon and is a serious problem in the United States. 2 inner abuse has a very broad definition. According to the American Psychological Association, a primordial characteristicis the dominant correct of an adult that allows him or her to force or coerce a child into sexual activity. 3 The Child Abuse saloon and Treatment Act defines sexual abuse asA. the employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child to engage in, or assist any other soul to engage in, any sexually explicit consume or simulation of such conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depic tion of such conduct or B. the rape, and in cases of caretaker or inter-familial relationships, statutory rape, molestation, prostitution, or other form of sexual exploitation of children, or incest with children 4There are many assorted types of sexual abuse, some much extreme than others. Sexual abuse falls into two categories contact and non-contact. 5 Sexual abuse involving contact may allow in fondling a childs genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and anal intercourse and non-contact sexual abuse could include exposure, voyeurism, and child pornography. 6 All sexual abuse, no offspring how severe or batty by definition, is damaging to the young child and can affect his/her neurological and psychological development and health, and affect him/her throughout life. Sexual abuse negatively affects a young childs neurological development. It causes toxic stress, a type of stress which children are unable to manage by themselves. 7 Accor ding to the U.S. plane section of Health and Human Services, exposure to toxic stress during early childhood can impair and disrupt development of conceiver circuits, which can cause an individualistic to develop a low threshold for stress, thereby becoming overly reactive to adverse experiences throughout life.8 game levels of stress hormones can to a fault affect the childs immune system and cause cog... ... Symptoms Attempts to touch the genitals of others Sexualized play Detailed and age-inappropriate knowledge of sexual activity Excessive masturbatory behaviour Reluctance to undress Avoidance of touch Increased startle response Hypervigilance Extreme fluctuations in heart rate (above snow bpm or downstairs 60 bpm) Sleep disturbance (bed wetting, nightmares) Drastic change in appetite somatic complaints Enuresis/encopresis Substance use jade/exhaustionEmotional Symptoms turnabout to younger developmental stage Lack of affect Withdrawal/depression Anxiety/irritabilit y/fear Phobias Excessive guilt feelings Feelings of helplessness Low self-assertion Obsessive ideas Self-hate Hyperalertness DissociationBehavioral Symptoms Abrupt change in behavior or personality Aggression Excessive weeping Over compliance take adjustment problems/sudden drop in school performance Temper tantrums Truancy or runaway behavior Self-mutilating/self-destructive ideation/gestures/attempts Flashbacks/Avoidance Nightmares Lack of send/social isolation/lack of friendships HyperarousalChildTrauma.org Sexual Abuse and Young Children Essay -- Child Abuse EssaysAs reported in Child Maltreatment 2013, out of the estimated 905,000 victims of child abuse and neglect reported in the United States in 2013, 8.8% were victims of sexual abuse. 1 This means that in that year over 79,600 children were sexually abused in the United States. There is general agreement among mental health and child protection professionals that child sexual abuse is not uncommon and is a serious problem in the United States. 2 Sexual abuse has a very broad definition. According to the American Psychological Association, a central characteristicis the dominant position of an adult that allows him or her to force or coerce a child into sexual activity. 3 The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act defines sexual abuse asA. the employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child to engage in, or assist any other person to engage in, any sexually explicit conduct or simulation of such conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of such conduct or B. the rape, and in cases of caretaker or inter-familial relationships, statutory rape, molestation, prostitution, or other form of sexual exploitation of children, or incest with children 4There are many different types of sexual abuse, some more extreme than others. Sexual abuse falls into two categories contact and non-contact. 5 Sexual abuse involving contact may include fondling a childs genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and anal intercourse and non-contact sexual abuse could include exposure, voyeurism, and child pornography. 6 All sexual abuse, no matter how severe or mild by definition, is damaging to the young child and can affect his/her neurological and psychological development and health, and affect him/her throughout life. Sexual abuse negatively affects a young childs neurological development. It causes toxic stress, a type of stress which children are unable to manage by themselves. 7 According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, exposure to toxic stress during early childhood can impair and disrupt development of brain circuits, which can cause an individual to develop a low threshold for stress, thereby becoming overly reactive to adverse experiences throughout life.8 High levels of stress hormones can also affect the childs immune system and cause cog... ... Symptoms Attempts to tou ch the genitals of others Sexualized play Detailed and age-inappropriate knowledge of sexual activity Excessive masturbatory behavior Reluctance to undress Avoidance of touch Increased startle response Hypervigilance Extreme fluctuations in heart rate (above 100 bpm or below 60 bpm) Sleep disturbance (bed wetting, nightmares) Drastic change in appetite somatic complaints Enuresis/encopresis Substance use Fatigue/exhaustionEmotional Symptoms Regression to younger developmental stage Lack of affect Withdrawal/depression Anxiety/irritability/fear Phobias Excessive guilt Feelings of helplessness Low self-esteem Obsessive ideas Self-hate Hyperalertness DissociationBehavioral Symptoms Abrupt change in behavior or personality Aggression Excessive crying Over compliance School adjustment problems/sudden drop in school performance Temper tantrums Truancy or runaway behavior Self-mutilating/suicidal ideation/gestures/attempts Flashbacks/Avoidance Nightmares Lack of trust/social isolation/la ck of friendships HyperarousalChildTrauma.org